| quadrat [quadrat (n.m.)] | |
| A small, clearly demarcated sample area of known size on which observations are made. (8) | |
| quincunx planting [plantation en quinconces (n.f.)] | |
| Setting out four young trees to form the corners of a square with a fifth tree at its center. (3) | |
| race [race (n.f.)] | |
| A population that exists within a species and exhibits genetic characteristics distinct from those of the other populations. It is usually an interbreeding unit. When the distinguishing characteristics are adaptive, the term is synonymous with ecotype. (25) | |
| raking [râtelage (n.m.)] | |
| Site preparation technique using a bulldozer or similar equipment with a
blade having teeth instead of a plain edge, for pushing large, coarse woody debris and
rocks off a site and leaving smaller stones, soil, small finer slash, and woody debris in
place. (21) In Nova Scotia, raking corresponds to windrowing. |
|
| ramicorns [ramicorne (n.f.)] | |
| Abnormally large branches that project at sharp acute angles from the bole and are persistent (often associated with previous weevil attack). (10) | |
| recruitment [recrutement (n.m.)] | |
| The plants involved in supplementation of a stand; trees that have entered a particular category during a given period, especially stems that have grown to a specified diameter. (3) | |
| refill planting [regarnissage (n.m.)] | |
| See fill planting | |
| reforestation [reboisement (n.m.)] | |
| syn. reafforestation Successful renewal of a forest crop by planting or direct seeding. |
|
| regeneration [régénération (n.f.)] | |
| Renewal of a forest crop by natural, artificial, or vegetative (regrowth) means. Also the new crop so obtained. The new crop is generally less than 1.3 m high. (5) | |
| regeneration area [quartier de régénération (n.m.)] | |
| The area selected, normally in a working plan or working scheme, for regeneration generally with a specified period of time in view. (3) | |
| regeneration block [affectation de régénération (n.f.)] | |
| See periodic block | |
| regeneration class [classe de régénération (n.f.)] | |
| The area, and the young trees in the area, being managed during the regeneration interval in the shelterwood silvicultural system. In this interval, old and young trees occupy the same area, the young being protected by the old. (5) | |
| regeneration cut [coupe de régénération (n.f.)] | |
| Any removal of trees intended to assist regeneration already present or to make regeneration possible. (3) | |
| regeneration initiation [début de la régénération (n.m.)] | |
| The year in which the new crop is deemed to be started at an acceptable stocking level, whether by planting, natural or artificial seeding, or by vegetative means. (5) | |
| regeneration interval [durée de régénération (n.f.)] | |
| The period between the seed cutting and the final cutting on a particular area under one of the shelterwood systems. (3) | |
| regeneration period [période de régénération (n.f.)] | |
| The time between the initial regeneration cut and the successful reestablishment of a stand by natural or artificial means. (1) | |
| regeneration survey [relevé de la régénération (n.m.)] | |
| An inventory of the quantity and quality of regeneration over a given area. | |
| regrowth [recrû (n.f.)] | |
| A term used in reference to coppice, as well as recovery of vegetation from treatment designed to impede or control its growth. | |
| regular uneven-aged structure (balanced) [structure inéquienne régulière (n.f.)] | |
| A stand in which three or more distinct age classes occupy approximately
equal areas and provide a balanced distribution of diameter classes. (1) cf. irregular uneven-aged structure |
|
| reinforcement planting [regarnissage (n.m.)] | |
| see fill planting | |
| relative thinning intensity [intensité relative d'éclaircie (n.f.)] | |
| The periodic (annual) yield of a stand from thinnings, expressed as a percentage of its periodic annual increment. (3) | |
| release [dégagement (n.m.)] | |
| Freeing a tree or group of trees from more immediate competition by cutting or otherwise eliminating growth that is overtopping or closely surrounding them. (1) | |
| repair planting [regarni (n.m.)] | |
| See fill planting | |
| replacement planting [regarni (n.m.)] | |
| See fill planting | |
| reproduction [régénération naturelle (n.f.)] | |
| See regeneration | |
| reproduction period [période de reproduction (n.f.)] | |
| The process by which new individuals are produced from parent trees, by either sexual or asexual (vegetative) means. | |
| reserve [réserve (n.f.)] | |
| Any tree or group of trees left unfelled in a stand that is being
regenerated, and kept for part or whole of the next rotation. (3) cf. high-forest-with-reserves system |
|
| reserve cutting [coupe à blanc avec réserves (n.f.)] | |
| see seed-tree method | |
| reserved tree [arbre marqué en réserve (n.m.)] | |
| see reserve | |
| restocking [reboisement (n.m.)] | |
| Renewal by self-sown seed or by vegetative means, or through sowing or planting, that results in a desired number of seedlings for the area concerned. (3) | |
| ridge planting [plantation sur bourrelet (n.f.)] | |
| Setting out young trees on a long, narrow crest of excavated soil, generally on a slice thrown up by a plough. (3) | |
| ring-barking [annélation partielle (n.f.)] | |
| Removing a narrow strip of bark (only), all around (1) a living stem, in order to stimulate flowering or to girdle it; or (2) a felled stem or a log, for under-bark diameter measurement. (3) | |
| ring stripping [annélation partielle (n.f.)] | |
| See band girdling | |
| ripper [défonceuse (n.f.)] | |
| A toothed blade or set of heavy tines mounted at the front or rear of a vehicle for breaking up soft rock and hard ground, and tearing out stumps and boulders. Also a vehicle so equipped. (3) | |
| ripper plough [charrue défonceuse (n.f.)] | |
| A V-shaped plough mounted with a ripper blade used for scarification on frozen soil. | |
| ripping [ripage (n.m.)] | |
| The mechanical penetration and shearing of range soils to depths of 3-7 cm for the purpose of breaking hardpan layers to facilitate penetration of plant roots, water, organic matter, and nutrients. (19) | |
| rock blade [lame de râteau (n.f.)] | |
| See brush blade | |
| roguing [élimination (n.f.)] | |
| Systematic removal of individuals not desired for the perpetuation of a population, e.g., from a seed orchard or a nursery. (3) | |
| root pruning [élagage des racines (n.m.)] | |
| The act of reducing one or more roots considered to be superfluous, usually at some stage before outplanting, in order to improve the shape and size of a root system and/or induce root proliferation by increasing the number of third- and higher-order roots within the root system when lifted. (23) | |
| root puddling [pralinage des racines (n.m.)] | |
| The act or treatment of immersing, sometimes several times in close succession, the root systems of bare-root planting stock in a clay slurry with the aim of improving outplant performance. (23) | |
| root rake [râteau (n.m.)] | |
| An implement, either mounted on the front of a dozer, skidder or forwarder, or trailed, having tines for collecting stumps and slash. (3) | |
| root raking [râtelage (n.m.)] | |
| See raking | |
| rootstock [porte-greffe (n.m.)] | |
| The root-bearing plant or plant part, usually stem or root, onto which
another plant is grafted. (25) cf. budding, graft, scion |
|
| root stripping [dépouillement des racines (n.m.)] | |
| 1. The accidental removal of roots during lifting, handling, and planting,
especially when caused by improper practices. 2. The removal of bark from roots. (23) |
|
| root sucker[drageon racinaire (n.m.)] | |
| See sucker | |
| root-to-shoot ratio [rapport système racinaire/système foliacé (n.m.)] | |
| The total mass or volume of the plant root system divided by the total mass or volume of the shoot system, usually on an oven-dry basis. (23) | |
| root trimming [taille des racines (n.f.)] | |
| The trimming of roots by a cutting tool after lifting and prior to outplanting. (23) | |
| root wad [motte racinaire (n.f.)] | |
| The mass of roots, soil and rocks that remains intact when a tree, shrub, or stump is uprooted. (13) | |
| rootwood [bois de racine] | |
| The secondary xylem of roots. (23) | |
| root-wrenching [soulevage des plants (n.m.)] | |
| A nursery operation to condition nursery stock by loosening the contact between soil and roots of seedlings in a nursery bed. (23) | |
| rotary tiller [laboureur à lames rotatives (n.m.)] | |
| A site preparation machine using hammers, teeth, tines, or flails mounted on a horizontal drum or horizontal or vertical shaft revolving at high speed. (23) | |
| rotation [révolution (n.f.)] | |
| The planned number of years between the formation or regeneration of a crop or stand and its final cutting at a specified stage or maturity. (1) | |
| rotation burning [brûlage cyclique (n.m.)] | |
| Prescribed burning applied at regular intervals on a specific site as a means of pest control. | |
| row thinning [éclaircie en ligne (n.f.)] | |
| See thinning: row | |
| saddle planting [plantation sur ensellement (n.f.)] | |
| See hole planting | |
| salvage cutting [coupe de récupération (n.f.)] | |
| The exploitation of trees that are dead, dying, or deteriorating (e.g., because overmature or materially damaged by fire, wind, insects, fungi, or other injurious agencies) before their timber becomes economically worthless. (1) | |
| sanitation cutting [coupe d'assainissement (n.f.)] | |
| The removal of dead, damaged, or susceptible trees, essentially to prevent the spread of pests or pathogens and so promote forest hygiene. (1) | |
| sanitation measures [mesures sanitaires (n.f.)] | |
| The removal of dead, damaged, or susceptible trees or their parts, or of vegetation that serves as an alternative host for crop-tree pathogens, to prevent or control the spread of pests or pathogens. (5) | |
| sapling [gaule (n.f.)] | |
| A general term for a young tree no longer a seedling but not yet a pole, about 1-2 m high and 2-4 cm in dbh, typically growing vigorously and without dead bark or more than an occasional dead branch. Also, a young tree having a diameter at breast height greater than 1 cm but less than the smallest merchantable diameter. (3) | |
| satellite nursery [pépinière volante (n.f.)] | |
| See field nursery | |
| satisfactorily stocked [de densité relative satisfaisante (n.f.)] | |
| See stocking: satisfactorily stocked | |
| sawtimber [bois de sciage (n.m.)] | |
| Trees that will yield logs suitable in size and quality for the production of lumber. (5) | |
| scalping [dégazonnement (n.m.)] | |
| Paring off low and surface vegetation, with most of its roots, to expose a weed-free soil surface, generally preparatory to sowing or planting thereon. If done by chemicals, termed chemical screefing. (3) | |
| scarification | |
| 1. [scarifiage
(n.m)] Loosening the topsoil of open areas or breaking up the forest floor to assist the
germination of natural seed from either standing trees or slash or to promote the
occurrence of coppice or sucker growth. 2. [scarification (n.f.)] A chemical treatment applied to seed to enhance germination. |
|
| scion [greffon (n.m.)] | |
| An aerial plant part, often a branchlet, that is grafted onto another root-bearing plant (stock, rootstock). (25) | |
| scrub control [essartage (n.m.)] | |
| See brushing | |
| secondary species [essences secondaires (n.f.)] | |
| A species of inferior quality and/or size, and of lesser silvicultural
value, associated with the principal species. (3) cf. accessory species |
|
| second growth [seconde venue, de (n.f.)] | |
| The forest growth that has developed (naturally or artificially) following the removal of the original forest. | |
| seed bank [banque de semences (n.f.)] | |
| A place in which seeds of rare plant or obsolete varieties are stored, usually vacuum-packed and under cold conditions, to prolong their viability. (14) | |
| seed bearer [semencier, porte-graines (n.m.)] | |
| 1. Any tree producing seed. 2. Any tree retained to provide seed for natural regeneration, e.g., during seed cuttings. (3) |
|
| seedbed [lit de germination (n.m.)] | |
| 1. In natural regeneration, the soil or forest floor on which seed
falls. (3) 2. In nursery practice, and also in the field, a prepared area over which seed is sown. (3) |
|
| seed collection area [zone de récolte de semences (n.f.)] | |
| A forest stand that exhibits good characteristics of growth, form, and vigor and that is not managed for cone production, but from which seed is collected, usually at the time of harvest. (3) | |
| seed cutting [coupe d'ensemencement (n.f.)] | |
| Removing trees in a mature stand so as to effect permanent opening of its canopy (if there was no preparatory cutting to do this) and so provide conditions for securing regeneration from the seed of trees retained for that purpose; the first of the shelterwood cuttings under a shelterwood system. (3) | |
| seeding [ensemencement (n.m.)] | |
| aerial [ensemencement aérien]: Broadcast seeding
of seeds or seed pellets from aircraft. (3) broadcast [ensemencement à la volée]: The sowing of seeds more or less evenly over a whole area on which a forest stand is to be raised. (5) direct [ensemencement direct]: The artificial systematic sowing of seeds by manual or mechanical means in an area on which a forest stand is to be raised. (5) drill [ensemencement en ligne]: The sowing of seeds in shallow furrows across a whole area on which a forest stand is to be raised. A practice more common in nurseries. (5) natural [ensemencement naturel]: The dispersal by natural agents of seeds from standing trees in proximity to a regenerating area or from slash scattered over that area. Seeds may be dispersed by wind, birds, mammals, gravity, or flowing water or be released by fire from serotinous cones. row [ensemencement en rangée]: The sowing of seed in deep furrows simultaneously with disc trenching for site preparation. sheltered spot [ensemencement sous-abri]: The sowing of seeds under small conical shelters of translucent or opaque, bio- or photo-degradable material as a means of stabilizing the microsite and improving germination. spot [ensemencement sur placeaux]: The sowing of seeds within small, cultivated, or otherwise-prepared patches, many of which are distributed over a whole area on which a forest stand is to be raised. (5) |
|
| seeding felling [coupe d'ensemencement (n.f.)] | |
| See seed cutting | |
| seeding lath [planche semoir (n.f.)] | |
| A device, commonly of wood, for obtaining uniformly spaced drills in a seedbed and aiding the even distribution of hand-sown seed in them. (3) | |
| seedling [semis (n.m.)] | |
| A young tree, grown from seed, from the time of germination to the sapling
stage, having a diameter at breast height of no more than 1 cm and a height of no more
than 1.5 m. bare-root [semis à racines nues]: A seedling to be planted with its roots bare of soil. (1) container [semis en récipient]: A seedling grown in a container and that is to be planted with roots still in its growth medium. (1) plug [semis en douille]: A seedling lifted from its container with roots and rooting medium left undisturbed. (1) |
|
| seedling forest [futaie (n.f.)] | |
| See high forest | |
| seed orchard [verger à graines (n.m.)] | |
| A plantation of trees, assumed or proven genetically to be superior, that has been isolated so as to reduce pollination from genetically inferior outside sources, and intensively managed to improve the genotype and produce frequent, abundant, and easily harvestable seed crops. A clonal seed orchard is established by setting out clones as grafts or cuttings; a seedling seed orchard is established from selected seedling progenies. (3) | |
| seed origin [origine des semences (n.f.)] | |
| See provenance | |
| seed pellet [semence enrobée (n.f.)] | |
| See pelleting | |
| seed production area [peuplement producteur de graines (n.m.)] | |
| A forest stand identified as a good source of seed and in which individual trees are evaluated for desired characteristics. Unwanted trees and competing trees are removed to promote cone production. Seed is collected periodically from standing trees or by felling sections as required. | |
| seed source [origine des graines (n.f.)] | |
| The locality where a seed lot was collected usually defined on an
eco-geographic basis by distance, elevation, precipitation, latitude, etc. If the stand
from which collections were made was exotic, the place where its seed originated is the
original seed source. cf. provenance |
|
| seed spot [placeau (n.m.)] | |
| syn. seedspot A prepared, limited space, e.g., a small, cultivated patch, within which (tree) seeds are sown. (3) |
|
| seed stand [peuplement producteur de graines (n.m.)] | |
| Any stand used as a source of seed. (3) | |
| seed trap [piège à semences (n.m.)] | |
| A device for catching the seeds falling on a small area of ground, from trees or shrubs. Used for determining the amount of seedfall and the time, period, rate, and distance of dissemination. (3) | |
| seed tree [semencier (n.m.)] | |
| A tree selected, and often reserved, for seed collection or provision of seed for natural regeneration. (1) | |
| seed-tree method [mode de régénération avec réserve de semenciers (n.m.)] | |
| A method of regenerating a forest stand in which all trees are removed from the area except for a small number of seed-bearing trees that are left singly or in small groups. If these are retained for increment as well as seed, termed a reserve cutting. The objective is to create an even-aged stand. (1) | |
| seed-tree removal [coupe des semenciers (n.f.)] | |
| See final cutting | |
| seed-tree system [mode de régénération par coupe rase avec semencier (n.m.)] | |
| See seed-tree method | |
| seed year [année semencière (n.f.)] | |
| The year in which a tree species produces, either as an individual or a crop, an adequate amount of seed; applies to any species but particularly to those with irregular or infrequent seed production. Many periodic seeders produce heavy (bumper) seed crops during their seed years. (3) | |
| selection [sélection (n.f.)] | |
| Choosing individuals with desired qualities to serve as parents for the next generation. (12) | |
| selection cutting [coupe de jardinage (n.f.)] | |
| Annual or periodic cutting of trees chosen individually or by groups, in
an uneven-aged stand, in order to recover the yield and develop a balanced uneven-aged
stand structure, while providing the cultural measures required for tree growth and
seedling establishment. The cuts are usually a mix of regeneration cuts and improvement
cuts. Selection cutting is not the same as selective cutting. |
|
| selection differential [différentiel de sélection (n.m.)] | |
| The average phenotypic value of the selected individuals, expressed as a deviation from the population mean. (12) | |
| selection forest [forêt jardinée (n.f.)] | |
| Forest treated and managed under the selection system. (3) | |
| selection method [jardinage (n.m.)] | |
| A method of regenerating a forest stand and maintaining an uneven-aged structure by removing some trees in all size classes either singly or in small groups or strips. (1) | |
| selection thinning [éclaircie jardinatoire (n.f.)] | |
| See thinning: selection | |
| selective cutting [coupe d'écrémage (n.f.)] | |
| See high grading | |
| selective harvesting [récolte d'écrémage (n.f.)] | |
| See high grading | |
| selective logging [récolte d'écrémage (n.f.)] | |
| See high grading | |
| self-pruning [élagage naturel (n.m.)] | |
| The inherent ability of a tree species to shed dead branches at their junction with the live stem. | |
| self-thinning [éclaircie naturelle (n.f.)] | |
| Tree mortality from the effect of the competition arising between trees on the same site. | |
| seral [sérial (n.m.)] | |
| See succession | |
| serotinous [sérotinal (adj.)] | |
| Coming late; particularly applied to plant species or individuals with cones that remain on the tree without opening for one or more years (e.g., Pinus contorta and Pinus banksiana). | |
| severance felling [coupe de préparation de lisière (n.f.)] | |
| A cleared strip cut through a stand so as to develop a wind-firm edge before making any fellings. (3) | |
| shade tolerance [tolérance (n.f.)] | |
| The relative capacity of a species to become established and persist under a canopy. (1) | |
| shark-fin barrel [rouleau nageoire-de-requin (n.m.)] | |
| A mechanical site preparation device consisting of pairs of metal barrels on which are welded steel fins along opposing spiral lines; this conformation causes circular motion and lateral scalping when the barrels are pulled over land to be planted or seeded. | |
| shearing [traitement à la cisaille (n.m.)] | |
| 1. A method of harvest using mechanical shears. 2. The shaping of a tree crown, particularly with respect to Christmas trees or ornamentals, by removing part of the leader and/or the ends of live branches to comply with a desired crown form. 3. A method of site preparation in which all standing material is removed at ground level using a shear blade attached to a large tractor. (1) Known in Manitoba, Ontario and British Columbia as shear blading. |
|
| shelterbelt [rideau-abri (n.m.)] | |
| A strip of living trees and/or shrubs maintained mainly to provide shelter for open land from wind, desiccation, snow-drift, etc. (3) | |
| shelterwood [abri (n.m.)] | |
| See shelterwood cutting | |
| shelterwood compartment system [mode de régénération par coupes progessives uniformes (n.m.)] | |
| See shelterwood cutting: uniform shelterwood system | |
| shelterwood cutting [coupe progressive (n.f.)] | |
| Any regeneration cutting in a more or less regular and mature crop,
designed to establish a new crop under the protection (overhead or side) of the old, or
where the resultant crop will be more or less regular. (3) irregular shelterwood system [mode de régénération par coupes progressives irrégulières]: Harvest cutting in which opening of the canopy is irregular and gradual; generally in groups, with the final cutting often in strips; regeneration is natural; regeneration interval is long, often up to half the rotation, and the resultant crop considerably uneven-aged and irregular. (3) strip shelterwood system [mode de régénération par coupes progressives par bandes]: A shelterwood system in which regeneration cuttings are carried out on fairly wide strips, generally against the prevailing wind, and progress rapidly; regeneration is mainly natural, regeneration interval short, and the resultant crop fairly even-aged and regular. (3) uniform shelterwood system [mode de régénération par coupes progressives uniformes]: A shelterwood system in which the canopy is opened fairly evenly throughout the regeneration area; regeneration is mainly natural, though it may be supplemented artificially; regeneration interval is fairly short and the resultant crop more or less even-aged and regular. (3) |
|
| shoot pruning [élagage des rejets (n.m.)] | |
| Cutting away undesirable shoots to favor survival and growth of selected shoots. | |
| shrub [arbrisseau (n.m.)] | |
| A perennial plant differing from a perennial herb in its persistent and woody stem(s), and less definitely from a tree in its lower stature and the general absence of a well-defined main stem. (3) | |
| side cutting [élagage des racines latérales (n.m.)] | |
| See box pruning | |
| side-hole planting [plantation en côté de potet (n.f.)] | |
| See hole planting | |
| silvics [écologie forestière (n.f.)] | |
| The study of the life history and general characteristics of forest trees and stands, with particular reference to locality factors as a basis of silviculture. (1) | |
| silvicultural decision model [modèle de décision (n.m.)] | |
| A computer model or system that permits the simulation and possibly prediction of the interaction of such factors as site class, access, managed-stand volume, and logging costs to assist in decisionmaking regarding silvicultural practices in individual stands. | |
| silvicultural efficacity [efficacité sylvicole (n.f.)] | |
| The capacity of a herbicide indirectly to promote positive growth responses in crop trees. (27) | |
| silvicultural regime [traitement sylvicole (n.m.)] | |
| A series of stand tending (thinning, pruning, etc.) treatments applied after regeneration to achieve a specific stand management objective. | |
| silvicultural rotation [âge d'exploitabilité naturelle (n.m.)] | |
| The rotation through which a species maintains satisfactory growth and reproduction on a given site. (3) | |
| silvicultural system [régime sylvicole (n.m.)] | |
| A process that applies silvicultural practices, including tending
(thinning, pruning, etc.), harvesting, and replacement, to a stand in order to produce a
crop of timber and other forest products. Note: the system is named by the cutting method with which the regeneration is established. (1) |
|
| silviculture [sylviculture (n.f.)] | |
| The theory and practice of controlling the establishment, composition, growth, and quality of forest stands to achieve the objectives of management. (3) | |
| silvipasture [système sylvopastorale (n.m.)] | |
| An agroforestry system where trees and livestock are produced together. (28) | |
| simple coppice system [traitement en taillis simple (n.m.)] | |
| A coppice system in which the crop is clearcut and regenerated by stool shoots, stump sprouts, or root suckers, giving even-aged stands; rotation is relatively short. (3) | |
| single-moldboard plough [charrue à versoir simple (n.f.)] | |
| A plough with one moldboard, generally right-hand, turning the whole furrow slice to one side of the furrow. (3) | |
| single-tree selection method [jardinage par arbre (n.m.)] | |
| A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which individual trees of any size are removed more or less uniformly throughout the stand. (1) | |
| site [station (n.f.)] | |
| A land area based on its climatic, physiographic, edaphic, and biotic factors that determine its suitability and productivity for particular species and silvicultural alternatives. (1) | |
| site amelioration [amélioration de la station (n.f.)] | |
| See site improvement | |
| site capability [potentiel de station (n.m.)] | |
| The mean annual increment in merchantable volume which can be expected for
a forest area, assuming it is fully stocked by one or more species best adapted to the
site, at or near rotation age. (5) Expressed in cubic metres per hectare per year. cf. productivity |
|
| site class [classe de station (n.f.)] | |
| Any interval into which the site index range is divided for purposes of classification and use. (5) | |
| site classification [classification de la station (n.f.)] | |
| Application of analytical techniques based on macroclimate, soil, land form, and vegetation, to predict yield. | |
| site factor [facteur de station (n.m.)] | |
| An ecological term referring to a physical or biological parameter used to describe and distinguish sites. | |
| site improvement [amélioration de la station (n.m.)] | |
| Modifications to a given site in order to improve growing conditions for a specific species or mixture of species. (10) | |
| site index [indice de station (n.m.)] | |
| An expression of forest site quality based on the height, at a specified
age, of dominant and codominant trees in a stand. (5) May be grouped into site classes. Expressed in metres. Usually refers to a particular species. |
|
| site preparation [préparation de terrain (n.f.)] | |
| A mechanical, fire, chemical, or hand treatment that modifies the site to
provide favorable conditions for natural or artificial regeneration. (1) In Manitoba and Saskatchewan, treatment to promote natural regeneration is termed scarification. |
|
| site quality [qualité de station (n.f.)] | |
| The productive capacity of a site; usually expressed as volume production of a given species per unit area (cubic metres per hectare) or per unit of time (cubic metres per year). (1) | |
| size classes [classe de dimension (n.f.)] | |
| Ranges in tree sizes representing stages in the development of a tree or stand. (1) | |
| slash [rémanent(s) (n.m.)] | |
| The residue left on the ground after felling and tending and/or accumulating there as a result of storm, fire, girdling, or treatment with herbicide. It includes unutilized logs, uprooted stumps, broken or uprooted stems and the heavier branchwood (heavy slash), lighter tops and branchwood, twigs, leaves, bark, and chips (light slash). (3) | |
| slash chopper [broyeuse de rémanents (n.f.)] | |
| See brush chopper | |
| slash disposal [traitement (n.m.), élimination (n.f.) des rémanents] | |
| The treatment or handling of slash, particularly so as to reduce fire or insect hazard. (3) | |
| slashing [débroussaillement (n.m.)] | |
| A form of cleaning. (3) | |
| slash removal [enlèvement des rémanents (n.m.)] | |
| See slash disposal | |
| sleeve planting [plantation en tube (n.f.)] | |
| See tube planting | |
| slit planting [plantation en fente (n.f.)] | |
| Prying open a cut made by a spade, mattock, or planting bar (termed bar
planting), inserting a young tree, then closing the cut on the latter by pressure. Note: Making standing T-shaped cuts, generally with a special tool, is sometimes termed T-notching. (3) |
|
| snag [chicot (n.m.)] | |
| A standing dead tree from which the leaves and most of the branches have fallen. (3) | |
| snagging [arasement des chicots (n.m.)] | |
| Removing or cutting away snags, on land or in water. (3) | |
| soft snag [chicot pourri (n.m.)] | |
| A snag composed primarily of wood in advanced stages of decay and deterioration, particularly in the sapwood portion. (13) | |
| softwood(s) [résineux (n.m)] | |
| 1. Cone-bearing or aril-bearing trees with needle or scale-like leaves
belonging to the botanical group Gymnospermae. Also, stands of such trees and the wood
produced by them. (5) 2. A forest type in which 76-100% of the canopy is softwood. (5) |
|
| soil scarification [scarifiage (n.m.)] | |
| See scarification | |
| somatic embryogenesis [embryogenèse somatique (n.f.)] | |
| A process by which clones are produced by cell growth from a seed embryo. | |
| sowing brick [motte à semis (n.f.)] | |
| A prepared, sometimes fertilized, block or ball of loam, peat, plastic foam, etc., into which one or more seeds are pressed, so that, on planting out, the emergent seedling can have a better start in an unfavorable environment. (3) | |
| spacing [espacement (n.m.)] | |
| n: The distance between trees in a plantation, a thinned stand,
or a natural stand. v: see thinning: spacing |
|
| spot planting [plantation sur placeaux (n.f.)] | |
| Setting out young trees in small, prepared patches. (3) | |
| spot scarifier [scarificateur sur placeaux (n.m.)] | |
| A scarification implement enabling site preparation on patches. | |
| spot seeding [ensemencement localisé (n.m.)] | |
| See seed spot | |
| spot weeding [désherbage localisé (n.m.)] | |
| Removing undesirable vegetation from patches. | |
| spreader [dispersant (n.m.)] | |
| Any substance, solid or liquid, that, when added to a pesticide, herbicide, liquid fertilizer, or fire retardant, enables it to spread better over the surfaces on which it is deposited. | |
| spring-tine cultivator [cultivateur à dents souples (n.m.)] | |
| An implement designed to loosen the soil surface by the action of spring-loaded retractible teeth. | |
| sprout [rejet de taillis (n.m.)] | |
| Generally, any shoot arising from a plant. More particularly, a shoot arising from the base of a plant, from the stool (stool shoot) or from the root (sucker). (3) | |
| spud [bêche à planter (n.f.)] | |
| See planting bar | |
| stagnant [stagnant (adj.)] | |
| Describes condition of stands whose growth and development have all but ceased due to poor site and/or excessive stocking. (5) | |
| stand [peuplement (n.m.)] | |
| A community of trees possessing sufficient uniformity in composition, age, arrangement, or condition to be distinguishable from the forest or other growth on adjoining areas, thus forming a silvicultural or management entity. (5) | |
| standard [réserve] | |
| A tree selected to remain standing, after the rest of the stand has been felled over a younger or a new crop, for some special purpose, e.g., shelter, seeding, production of a special quality or size of timber. (3) | |
| stand composition [composition d'un peuplement (n.f.)] | |
| See composition | |
| stand condition [état d'un peuplement (n.m.)] | |
| The descriptive measurement of a stand by the criteria of composition, health, age, size, volume, or spatial arrangement. (13) | |
| stand density [densité de peuplement (n.f.)] | |
| A quantitative measurement of tree stocking, expressed in terms of number
of trees, total basal area, or volume, per unit of area. More precisely, a measure of the
degree of crowding of trees within a stand, commonly expressed by various growing-space
ratios of crown length to tree height; crown diameter to dbh or crown diameter to tree
height; or of stem spacing to tree height. (3) Expressed on a per hectare basis. cf. stocking |
|
| stand density index [indice de densité de peuplement (n.m.)] | |
| Any index for evaluating stand density such as those of Curtis, Mulloy, Reinecke. (5) | |
| stand density management diagram [diagramme d'aménagement de la densité de peuplement (n.m.)] | |
| A two-dimensional graph showing the logarithmic relationship between declining mean stem frequency and increasing mean tree size, as mean stand diameter and dominant height increase in pure even-aged stands. | |
| stand development [développement d'un peuplement (n.m.)] | |
| The growth of a stand through its various developmental stages - from seedling or coppice through thicket, sapling, and pole to the tree stage, i.e. to maturity, and finally to overmaturity. (3) | |
| stand establishment [établissement d'un peuplement (n.m.)] | |
| See establishment | |
| stand improvement [amélioration d'un peuplement (n.f.)] | |
| See timber stand improvement | |
| standing crop [peuplement forestier (n.m.)] | |
| See crop | |
| stand model [modèle de peuplement (n.m.)] | |
| A mathematical model that forecasts the development of a forest stand, usually in terms of mean stand attributes, e.g., mean diameter, height. | |
| stand table [table de peuplement (n.f.)] | |
| A summary table showing the number of trees per unit area by species and diameter classes, for a stand or type. The data may also be presented in the form of a frequency distribution of diameter classes. (5) | |
| stand type [type de peuplement (n.m.)] | |
| See forest type | |
| stocked quadrat [parcelle régénérée (n.f.)] | |
| In regeneration surveys, a quadrat having at least one live tree seedling or regrowth. The criteria for what constitutes a "stocked" area vary with species, site, country, etc. | |
| stocking [densité relative (n.f.)] | |
| A qualitative expression of the adequacy of tree cover on an area, in
terms of crown closure, number of trees, basal area, or volume, in relation to a
preestablished norm. In this context, "tree cover" includes seedlings and
saplings; hence, the concept carries no connotation of a particular age. Stocking may be
described in regionally or locally developed classes, or as a percentage of regional or
local normal standards, which vary according to site-specific conditions. (5) cf. stand density fully stocked [de densité relative adéquate]: Productive forest land stocked with trees of merchantable species. These trees by number and distribution or by average dbh, basal area, or volume are such that at rotation age they will produce a timber stand that occupies the potentially productive ground. They will provide a merchantable timber yield according to the potential of the land. The stocking, number of trees, and distribution required to achieve this will be determined from regional or local yield tables or by some other appropriate method. (5) ideally stocked[de densité relative idéale]: See normally stocked irregularly stocked[de densité relative irrégulière]: See partially stocked nonstocked [densité relative nulle, de]: Productive forest land that lacks trees completely or that is so deficient in trees, either young or old, that at the end of one rotation, the residual stand of merchantable tree species, if any, will be insufficient to allow utilization in an economic operation. (5) normally stocked [de densité relative normale]: Productive forest land covered with trees of merchantable species of any age. These trees, by number and distribution, or by average dbh, basal area, or volume, are such that at rotation age they will produce a timber stand of the maximum merchantable timber yield. This yield must satisfy the site potential of the land as reported by the best available regional or local yield tables. For stands of less than rotation age, a range of stocking classes both above and below normal may be predicted to approach and produce a normal stocking at rotation age and may, therefore, be included. This is because greater or lesser mortality rates will occur in over- or understocked stands as compared with those in a normal stand. (5) NSR (not sufficiently or not satisfactorily restocked or regenerated) [insuffisamment régénéré]: Inadequate stocking. Productive forest land that has been denuded and has failed partially or completely to regenerate naturally or to be artificially regenerated.The regeneration must contain a minimum number of well-established, healthy trees that are free-from-noncrop-competition and sufficient to produce a merchantable timber stand at rotation age. (5) optimally stocked[de densité relative optimale]: See normally stocked overstocked [de densité relative excessive]: Productive forest land stocked with more trees of merchantable species than normal or full stocking would require. Growth is in some respect retarded and the full number of trees will not reach merchantable size by rotation age according to the regional or local yield or stock tables for the particular site and species. (5) partially stocked [de densité relative partielle]: Productive forest land stocked with trees of merchantable species insufficient to utilize the complete potential of the land for growth such that they will not occupy the whole site by rotation age without additional stocking. Explicit definition in stems per hectare, crown closure, relative basal area, etc., is locally or regionally defined and is site-specific. (5) satisfactorily stocked [de densité relative satisfaisante]: Productive forest land that has been regenerated naturally or artificially to at least a minimum number of well-established, healthy trees of merchantable species that are free-from-noncrop-competition and sufficient to produce a merchantable timber stand at rotation age.(5) |
|
| stocking control [surveillance du matériel relatif (n.f.)] | |
| The regulation and, more particularly, the limitation of seedling populations by natural, or direct or indirect artificial factors. | |
| stocking density [proportion de surface occupée (n.f.)] | |
| A measure of the proportion of the area actually occupied by trees. (13) | |
| stocking guide [guide de stocking (n.m.)] | |
| Reference level for the optimum proportion of an area actually occupied by trees, expressed in terms of stocked quadrats or percentage of canopy closure. | |
| stock table [table de stock (n.f.)] | |
| A summary table showing the volume of trees per unit area by species and diameter classes, for a stand or type. (5) | |
| stool [souche-mère (n.f.)] | |
| 1. Silviculture: A living stump capable of producing sprouts or
shoots. (3) 2. Propagation: A living stump maintained to produce cuttings, layers, etc. (3) |
|
| stool shoot [rejet de souche (n.f.)] | |
| See sprout | |
| storied high forest [futaie pluriétagée (n.f.)] | |
| A crop of trees in which the canopy can be differentiated into one or more layers, the dominant species in natural forest generally differing in each layer. (3) | |
| story [étage (n.m.)] | |
| A horizontal stratum or layer in a plant community; in forests, appearing
as one or more canopies. (3) A forest having more than two stories is called multistoried. A forest having one story (the main story) is called single-storied. A forest having two stories (the overstory and the understory) is called two-storied. |
|
| stratification [stratification (n.f.)] | |
| The storage of seeds under defined conditions of environment (temperature, moisture, gas exchange, medium, etc.) for specified periods in order to overcome passive or active inhibition of germination. The term may also apply to physical or chemical treatment of seed designed to achieve the same end. | |
| strip-and-group system [mode de régénération par coupes progressives en placettes et bandes (n.m.)] | |
| A modification of the shelterwood strip system in which, in addition to the normal uniform seed cutting, groups of advance growth are freed both in the strip and closely ahead of it, along with further group cuttings to initiate regeneration; regeneration is mainly natural; regeneration interval is relatively short and the resultant crop fairly even-aged and regular. (3) | |
| strip application [traitement par bandes (n.m.)] | |
| See band application | |
| strip cropping [plantation en lisières (n.f.)] | |
| Crop planting in which strips of heavy-rooted plants are alternated with loose-rooted plants which serve as barriers to wind and water erosion. (15) | |
| strip cutting [coupe par bandes (n.f.)] | |
| Removal of the crop in strips in more than one operations, generally for
encouraging natural regeneration or protecting fragile sites. (2) Considered to be a variation of clearcutting. |
|
| strip felling [coupe par bandes (n.f.)] | |
| See strip cutting | |
| strip planting [plantation en bandes (n.f.)] | |
| Setting trees, generally in two or more parallel lines, in a long narrow area of land that has been wholly or partially cleared. (3) | |
| strip shelterwood [coupes progressives par bandes (n.f.)] | |
| See shelterwood cutting | |
| strip spraying [pulvérisation en bandes (n.f.)] | |
| See band application | |
| strip thinning [éclaircie en bandes (n.f.)] | |
| See thinning: row | |
| structure [structure (n.f.)] | |
| The distribution of trees in a stand or group by age, size, or crown classes (e.g., all-aged, even-aged, uneven-aged, regular, and irregular structures). (1) | |
| stub [chicot de branche (n.m.)] | |
| The broken or cut base of a branch projecting from a tree stem. (3) | |
| stump blade [lame dessoucheuse (n.f.)] | |
| See brush blade | |
| stump extraction [dessouchage (n.m.)] | |
| A general term for the process of pulling out stumps by force. (3) Removal of stumps may be done to facilitate scarification or to prevent infection from diseased root systems. |
|
| stump sprout [rejet de souche (n.m.)] | |
| See sprout | |
| stump treatment [badigeonnage de souches (n.m.)] | |
| Application of herbicides to or near hardwood stumps to prevent
coppicing. (2) Also, fungicides or paint can be applied to prevent fungal infection. |
|
| subdominant [classe de cime subdominante (n.f.)] | |
| See crown class: intermediate | |
| subsidiary crop [peuplement secondaire (n.m.)] | |
| See secondary species | |