Terms - Silvicultural Terms in Canada
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a -3/2 power law of self-thinning100 [relation à la puissance -3/2 de lXXXéclaircie naturelle (n.f.)]
Dense populations that have reached a size at which mortality occurs demonstrate a negative relationship between log mean plant weight and log stand density; this generally has a slope of -3/2.
above-ground biomass200 [biomasse aérienne (n.f.)]
see biomass
accessory species300 [essence auxiliaire (n.f.)]
A species of less commercial value than the principal species but sometimes useful in assisting the latter and liable to influence the method of treatment to some degree. (3)
accessory systems400 [traitements combinés (n.m.)]
Any silvicultural system derived from one or more of the basic systems and not dependent on any particular method of regeneration. (3)
adjuvant500 [adjuvant (n.m.)]
An additive used in pesticide spray formulations which enhances adherence to plants.
advance germination600 [germination physiologique (n.f.)]
see pregermination
advance growth700 [régénération préexistante (n.f.)]
see advance regeneration
advance regeneration800 [régénération préexistante (n.f.)]
Young trees under existing stands capable of becoming the next crop. Regeneration established before logging that has survived the logging operation.
adventitious900 [adventif(ve) (adj.)]
Of a plant part that develops outside the usual order of time and/or position, e.g., an adventitious bud arises from any part of a stem, leaf, or root but lacks vascular connection with the pith; an adventitious shoot derives from an adventitious bud; an adventitious root arises from parts of the plant other than a preexisting root, e.g., from a stem or leaf. (3)
aerial seeding1000 [ensemencement aérien (n.m.)]
see seeding
afforestation1100 [boisement (n.m.)]
The establishment of a tree crop on an area from which it has always, or for very long, been absent. Where such establishment fails and is repeated, the latter may properly be termed reafforestation. (3)
age1200 [âge (n.m.)]
1. Of a tree:
- breast height [âge à hauteur de poitrine]: The number of annual growth rings between the bark and the pith, as counted at breast height (1.3 m). (5)
- harvest [âge de maturité]: The number of years required to grow from establishment to a specified condition of maturity.
- stump [âge à hauteur de souche]: The number of annual growth rings between the bark and the pith, as counted at stump height (0.15 m) (5)
- total [âge total]: The number of years elapsed since the germination of the seed, rooting of cuttings, or the budding of the sprout or root sucker.
- harvest [âge de récolte]: The number of years between the establishment and the final harvest of a forest crop. (5)
- total [âge total]: The average total age of the trees comprising it. (5)
age class1300 [classe dXXXâge (n.f.)]
A distinct group of trees or portion of growing stock recognized on the basis of age. (1)
age gradation1400 [sous-classe dXXXâge (n.f.)]
An age class of one or at the most a few years. (3)
age-class distribution1500 [répartition des classes dXXXâge (n.f.)]
The location and/or proportionate representation of different age classes in a forest. (3)
age-class interval1600 [étendue dXXXune classe dXXXâge (n.f.)]
see age-class period
age-class period1700 [étendue dXXXune classe dXXXâge (n.f.)]
The number of years within the limits of a given age class. (3)
agroforestry1800 [agroforesterie (n.f.)]
The deliberate integration, in space or time, of woody perennials with herbaceous crops and/or animals on the same land management unit. (26)
air layering1900 [marcottage aérien (n.m.)]
Inducing root development on an undetached aerial portion of a plant, commonly by wounding it, treating it with a rooting stimulant, and wrapping it in moist material under a waterproof covering, so that the portion so treated is capable of independent growth after separation from the mother plant. (3)
air pruning2000 [élagage aérien (n.m.)]
Limiting extension of a root system beyond a container by exposure to air.
air seeding2100 [ensemencement aérien (n.m.)]
see seeding: aerial
all-aged2200 [de tous âges (n.m.)]
Of a forest, crop, or stand that contains trees of all, or almost all, age classes, including those of exploitable age. (3)
all-aged structure2300 [structure équilibrée (n.f.)]
A stand in which trees of most or all age classes, from seedlings to mature trees, are represented. (1)
allelopathy2400 [allélopathie (n.f.)]
The negative influence of a plant, other than a microorganism, upon another plant, through chemical exudate during their metabolism. (3)
allowable cut2500 [possibilité de coupe (n.f.)]
The volume of wood that may be harvested, under management, for a given period. (5)
anchor chains2600 [chaînes dXXXancre (n.f.)]
Heavy chains, often with spikes welded to the links, used in drag scarification.
anchor-chain clearing2700 [chaînes dXXXancre (n.f.)]
see chaining
angle planting2800 [plantation avec bêche (n.f.)]
see slit planting
arboriculture2900 [arboriculture (n.f.)]
The cultivation, that is, growing and tending, of trees and shrubs, individually or in small groups, generally for ornament, protection, and instruction rather than direct use or profit. (3)
area ignition3000 [allumage de zone (n.m.)]
The setting of a number of individual fires throughout an area, either simultaneously or in quick succession, and so spaced that they soon coalesce, influence, and support each other to produce a hot, fast-spreading fire throughout the area. (6)
artificial regeneration3100 [régénération artificielle (n.f.)]
Renewal of a tree crop by direct seeding or by planting seedlings or cuttings. (1)
asexual reproduction3200 [propagation asexuée (n.f.)]
Reproduction without fertilization. New individuals may develop from vegetative parts such as tubers, bulbs, or rooted stems, or from sexual parts such as unfertilized eggs or other cells in the ovule. (25)
associated species3300 [essences associées (n.f.)]
see accessory species
auger planting3400 [plantation à la tarière (n.f.)]
Setting plants in loosened soil replaced in or brought to a dug hole using an auger. (3)
average annual stand depletion3500 [épuisement annuel moyen (n.m.)]
see thinning intensity
backlog3600 [arriéré (n.m.)]
An administrative term used to classify inadequately stocked forest land that has been denuded (cut over, burned, etc.).
ball planting3700 [plantation en motte (n.f.)]
Setting out trees with their roots left undisturbed in a dug-out clod of soil.
Note: if trees are bare-rooted, and roots are enclosed in a rough ball of soil, they are properly termed balled. (3)
band application3800 [traitement par bande (n.m.)]
Applying pesticides and/or fertilizers in a linear strip on or along crop rows rather than over the entire ground area.
band girdling3900 [annélation totale (n.f.)]
Removing a broad band of bark, from several centimetres to a metre wide, all round a living bole with some sapwood or without, so as to kill (with or without the aid of herbicide), or at least weaken, the tree. (3)
band seeding4000 [ensemencement par bandes (n.m.)]
Broadcast sowing of seeds along wide strips.
banding4100 [cerclage (n.m.)]
Applying a chemical or other substance to the bole of a tree in the form of a band.
bare-root seedling4200 [semis à racines nues (n.m.)]
see seedling
bark stripping4300 [écorçage (n.m.)]
Removing the bark of a tree in narrow strips.
basal area4400 [surface terrière (n.f.)]
1. Of a tree: The area in square metres of the cross section at breast height of the stem. (5)2. Of a forest, stand, or forest type: The area in square metres per hectare of the cross section at breast height of all the trees. (5)
basal bark treatment4500 [traitement arboricide cortical (à la base de lXXXarbre) (n.m.)]
A treatment for killing trees and brush in which a herbicide is applied, by sprayer or brush, to a band of bark encircling the basal portion of the stem. (3)
basal injection4600 [aménagement de base (n.m.)]
Extensive forest management plus artificial regeneration where necessary.cf. extensive forest management
basic silviculture4700 [plantation en panier (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees, etc., in loosely-woven baskets in which they have been raised from seed or to which they have been transferred from the seed bed. Closely allied is box planting using various types of wooden boxes. (3
basket planting4750 [plantation en panier (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees, etc., in loosely-woven baskets in which they have been raised from seed or to which they have been transferred from the seed bed. Closely allied is box planting using various types of wooden boxes. (3)
bedding4800 [billonnage (n.m.)]
A site preparation procedure in which the soil is mounded mechanically to provide a well-drained ridge on which seedlings are planted or seeds distributed naturally or directly.
biomass4900 [biomasse (n.f.)]
The total mass of living organisms of one or more species per unit of area, or all the species in a community. It can be divided into above-ground biomass and below-ground biomass. (3)
blading5000 [vide, manque (n.m.)]
Any forest area in a crop or stand that has remained virtually unstocked, more particularly in plantations. A planting point where the tree has failed or is missing. (3)
block cutting5100 [coupe à blanc par blocs (n.f.)]
Removal of the crop in blocks in one or more operations, generally for wildlife management purposes, encouraging regeneration, or protecting fragile sites. (2)Considered in Ontario to be a variation of clearcutting.
blowdown5200 [chablis (n.m.)]
see windfall
box pruning5250 [élagage latéral (des racines) (n.m.)]
Lateral root pruning on four sides of nursery stock in situ. Previous undercutting is usually implicit. (23)
breast height5300 [hauteur de poitrine (n.f.)]
The standard height, 1.3 m above ground level, at which the diameter of a standing tree is measured. On sloping ground, breast height is usually measured on the uphill side of the tree. (5)
broadcast application5400 [traitement en plein (n.m.)]
Applying pesticides and/or fertilizers with relative uniformity over the entire ground area. (3)
broadcast burning5500 [brûlage extensif (n.m.)]
Allowing a controlled fire to burn over a designated area within well-defined boundaries, for reduction of fuel hazard, as a silvicultural treatment, or both. (3)
broadcast fertilizing5600 [fertilisation à la volée (n.f.)]
The scattering of fertilizer or other mixture more or less evenly over an area.
broadcast seeding5700 [ensemencement à la volée (n.m.)]
The scattering of seed more or less evenly over a whole area on which a forest stand is to be raised. (3)
brush5800 [broussailles (n.f.)]
Shrubs and stands of short, scrubby tree species that do not reach merchantable size. (5)Sometimes includes woody and herbaceous plants that impede regeneration or growth of desirable species. Often rated as "brush hazard".
brush blade5900 [lame de râteau (n.f.)]
A blade having scarifier teeth instead of a plain edge, for pushing large objects like tree roots and rocks off a site, leaving smaller stones, soil, etc. in place. (3)In British Columbia, known as a Beale's blade, specially designed with forks or long teeth protruding from the bottom of the blade for piling and windrowing coarse woody debris. Blade usually has an opening on each end.
brush chopper6000 [broyeuse de rémanents (n.f.)]
An implement with blades mounted on a horizontal power-driven shaft, for reducing the bulk of slash after felling and so facilitating planting. (3)
brush disposal6100 [élimination des rémanents (n.f.)]
see slash disposal
brushing6200 [râteau débroussailleur (n.m.)]
The removal of undesirable herbaceous and woody vegetation by manual or mechanical means. (3)
brush rake6300 [débroussaillement (n.m.)]
see raking
budding6400 [ébourgeonnage (n.m.)]
Grafting by inserting a bud, with a small amount of tissue, into a slit or hole made in the bark of a stock plant. After union has formed, the portion of the stock plant above the bud is removed. (25)
bud pruning6500 [écussonnage (n.m.)]
Removal of lateral buds from a stem to prevent them from developing into branches. (3)
buffer strip6600 [rideau vert (n.m.)]
A band of forest left relatively undisturbed so as to protect some element of the environment, such as a streambank from erosion; in experiments, refers to the strip of untreated area between adjacent treated areas.
bullet planting6700 [plantation en cartouche (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees grown in bullet-shaped rigid plastic tubes, which are injected into the ground by a spring-loaded gun, sometimes into prepared holes. (3)
bush nursery6800 [pépinière volante (n.f.)]
see field nursery
cabling6900 [dragage au câble (n.m.)]
see chaining
cache7000 [cache (n.f.)]
A place for storing seedlings close to the planting site.
canopy7100 [couvert forestier (n.m.)]
The more or less continuous cover of branches and foliage formed collectively by the crowns of adjacent trees. (1)
canopy class7200 [classe de couvert (none)]
syn. canopy cover class, crown classAny class into which crops or stands may be divided on the basis of the degree of closure. (3)
canopy closure7300 [fermeture du couvert (n.f.)]
1. The progressive reduction of space between crowns as they spread laterally, increasing canopy density. (1)2. The point in time when crowns in a young stand begin to touch and interact.
canopy density7400 [densité du couvert (n.f.)]
The amount of foliar cover, combining the extent of canopy closure and crown density. (1)
canopy opening7500 [ouverture du couvert (n.f.)]
see opening up
careful logging around regeneration7600 [coupe avec protection de la régénération (n.f.)]
Harvesting operation based on shelterwood cutting principles, where advanced regeneration is protected during harvesting.
carrier7700 [support (n.m.)]
Any material, e.g. sawdust, that is thoroughly mixed with seed, fertilizer, herbicide, etc., to protect it in transit.
catch crop7800 [culture dérobée (n.f.)]
A short-term, generally agricultural crop introduced into and at the start of a longer-rotation forest crop, mainly to provide early financial returns. (3)
chaining7900 [dragage (n.m.)]
syn. chain clearing, cabling in British Columbia.A method of reducing or clearing undesirable scrub by dragging through it a heavy chain (generally further weighted by objects such as concrete cylinders or large steel balls) between two appropriately spaced tractors. (3)
check8000 [check (n.f.)]
Stagnation of tree or stand growth. (5)
chemical pruning8100 [élagage chimique (n.m.)]
The application of chemicals, e.g. plant-growth regulators, to the living tree so as to kill, suppress, or inhibit lateral shoots. (3)
chevron cuts8200 [coupes par chevrons (n.f.)]
A modification of strip cutting where the strip is angled part way along its length. (28)
chopping8300 [déchiquetage-épandage (n.m.)]
Destruction of plants of sapling size or smaller and their incorporation into the soil with heavy disk plough or rolling brush choppers. (21)
cleaning8400 [dégagement (n.m.)]
syn. brushing A release treatment made in a stand not past the sapling stage to free the favored trees from less desirable species of the same age that overtop them or are likely to do
so. (1)
clearcut8500 [bois sans défaut (n.f.)]
n: An area of forest land from which all merchantable trees have recently been harvested. (5)syn. clearcutting v: To harvest all merchantable trees from an area of forest land. (5)
clearcutting method8600 [zone de coupe à blanc (n.m.)]
A method of regenerating an even-aged forest stand in which new seedlings become established in fully exposed microenvironments after removal of most or all of the existing trees. Regeneration can originate naturally or artificially. Clearcutting may be done in blocks, strips, or patches. (1)
clear-felled area8700 [coupe à blanc (n.f.)]
see clearcut
clearfelling8800 [mode de régénération par coupe à blanc (n.f.)]
see clearcut
clearfelling method8900 [coupe rase, à blanc (n.m.)]
see clearcutting method
clearing9000 [mode de régénération par coupe à blanc (n.f.)]
1. A considerable open space in a forest, which can be natural or artificial. (3)2. Removal of standing, usually scrubby, vegetation to prepare a site for reforestation.
clear wood9100 [clairière (n.m.)]
Knot-free wood formed subsequent to pruning.
clonal test9200 [test clonal (n.m.)]
Evaluation of genotypes by comparing clones in a plantation. (25)
closed canopy9400 [couvert fermé (n.m.)]
see canopy closure
clone9500 [clone (n.m.)]
All plants reproduced asexually from a common ancestor and having identical genotypes. Named clones are given non-Latin names preceded by the abbreviation "cl". (11)
coarse woody debris9600 [débris ligneux grossier (n.m.)]
The standing and downed dead wood in a forest.
clump9700 [classe de cime codominante (n.f.), bouquet (n.m.)]
The aggregate of stems issuing from the same root, rhizome system, or stool. An isolated, generally dense, group of trees. (3)
commercial thinning9800 [éclaircie commerciale (n.f.)]
see thinning: commercial
codominant crown class9900 [reboisement de compensation (n.f.)]
see crown class: codominant
competition control10000 [lutte contre la concurrence végétale (n.f.)]
A treatment designed to reduce the competitive effect of undesirable vegetation threatening the success of the regeneration of desirable tree species.cf. brushing, cleaning
compensatory planting10100 [lutte contre la concurrence végétale (n.m.)]
Creating plantations in one area in order to replace, in part or whole, a loss of growing stock elsewhere. (3)
composition10200 [composition (n.f.)]
The proportion of each tree species in a stand expressed as a percentage of the total number, basal area, or volume of all tree species in the stand. (1)
compound fertilizer10300 [fertilisant multi-action (n.m.)]
A mixture of chemical nutrients added to the soil, having a broad array of actions.
cone collection10400 [récolte de cônes (n.f.)]
Harvesting of cones after seed maturation but before their dispersal. (10)
cone rake10500 [cueilleur de cônes (n.m.)]
A device for collecting cones from a standing tree; it is lowered from a helicopter, over the crown of a tree. Cones or cone-bearing branches are removed and retrieved by the device.
cone year10600 [bonne année (de production de cônes) (n.f.)]
see seed year
contained root10700 [racine contenue (n.f.)]
A root that does not elongate beyond the confines of the original rooting volume within a container, even when outplanted with the container removed. (23)
container10800 [récipient (n.m.)]
Portable receptacle (pot, bag, or linked spaces) to hold rooting medium for growing planting stock.
container-grown10900 [pépinière (de plants) en récipients (n.m.)]
syn. containerized see seedling: container
containerized seedling11000 [plantation (de plants) en récipients (n.m.)]
see seedling: container
container nursery11100 [semis en récipient (n.f.)]
A nursery where the stock is raised individually in containers. (3)
container planting11200 [récipient, semis en (n.f.)]
Setting out of young trees (generally individually) from, or together with, receptacles containing the soil, etc., in which they have developed, either from seed or less commonly as transplants. (3)
container seedling11300 [semis en récipient (n.m.)]
see seedling: container
contour furrow11400 [plantation en bandes de niveau (n.f.)]
Trench made along a contour (i.e., horizontal) line, for the purpose of checking run-off and soil loss, and conserving moisture, in a hillside plantation. (3)
contour planting11450 [plantation en bandes de niveau (n.f.)]
Setting out of young trees along a contour line.
controlled burning11500 [brûlage dirigé (n.m.)]
see prescribed burning
conversion11600 [conversion (none)]
A change from one silvicultural system to another, also called conversion cut, or from one stand of trees or ecosystem to another, termed species conversion, the silvicultural procedures involved constituting a conversion system. Note: the change may be spread over most or all of the new rotation adopted; its duration is termed the conversion period.
In Newfoundland, the term stand conversion is used.
conversion period11700 [durée de la conversion (n.f.)]
see conversion
coppice11800 [taillis (n.m.)]
Natural regeneration originating from stump sprouts, stool shoots, or root suckers. (1)
coppice-of-two-rotations method11900 [régime du taillis (n.m.)]
A coppice method in which some of the coppice shoots are reserved for the whole of the next rotation, the rest being cut. (3)
coppice method12000 [taillis fureté (n.m.)]
A method of regenerating a forest stand in which the cut trees produce sprouts, suckers, or shoots. (1)
coppice selection method12100 [rejet de taillis (n.m.)]
A coppice method in which only selected shoots of merchantable size are cut at each felling, giving uneven-aged stands. (3)
coppice shoot12200 [taillis (n.m.)]
Any shoot arising from an adventitious or dormant bud near the base of a woody plant that has been cut back. (3)
coppice stand (forest)12300 [régime du taillis (n.m.)]
see coppice
coppice system12400 [taillis sous réserves (n.m.)]
see coppice method
coppice with reserves12500 [taillis-sous-futaie (n.m.)]
see coppice-with-standards method
coppice with standards12600 [bois de taillis (n.m.)]
see coppice-with-standards method
coppice-with-standards method12700 [taillis composés (n.m.)]
A method of regenerating a forest stand by coppicing whereby selected trees grown from seed are left to grow to larger size than the coppice beneath them, in order to provide seeds for natural regeneration of standards in subsequent rotations.
coppice wood12800 [régime du taillis-sous-futaie (n.m.)]
see coppice
coppicing12900 [coupe de rajeunissement (n.f.), recépage (n.m.)]
Cutting trees close to ground level with a view to their producing coppice shoots. (3)
copse13000 [bosquet de taillis (n.m.)]
A small woodlot or forest regularly cut over for regrowth. (3)
corridor planting13100 [plantation en ligne (n.f.)]
Setting trees in parallel rows, generally at regular intervals between and in lines, on land either wholly or partially cleared. The form of line planting sometimes known as corridor planting involves setting a line of trees in narrow lanes ("corridors") that cut through undergrowth at more or less regular intervals (sometimes at their final crop spacing); generally a form of improvement planting or enrichment. (3)
corridor thinning13200 [éclaircie en lignes (n.f.)]
see thinning: row
cover crop13300 [engrais vert (n.m.)]
Syn. green manure crop
A suitable herbaceous crop, particularly Fabaceae but also Cruciferae and Gramineae, grown to reduce erosion, increase soil fertility, reduce invasion of more competitive vegetation, provide wildlife habitat, or protect site; it can be dug or ploughed in while succulent, with or without supplementary fertilizers.
A suitable herbaceous crop, particularly Fabaceae but also Cruciferae and Gramineae, grown to reduce erosion, increase soil fertility, reduce invasion of more competitive vegetation, provide wildlife habitat, or protect site; it can be dug or ploughed in while succulent, with or without supplementary fertilizers.
cover density13400 [densité du couvert (n.f.)]
see canopy density
cover type13500 [type forestier, de couvert (n.m.)]
see forest type
crop13600 [peuplement forestier (n.m.), récolte (n.f.)]
The harvestable vegetation growing on a forest area, more particularly the major woody growth forming the forest crop. (3)
crop planning13700 [plan parcellaire de régénération (n.m.)]
The process of custom designing the density of regeneration and the timing and intensity of stand-tending treatments to achieve site- and species-specific stand-management objectives as well as to attain forest-level management objectives.
crop tree13800 [arbre du peuplement final (n.m.)]
Any tree selected to become or forming a component of the final crop. (1)
crop-tree thinning13900 [éclaircie par le haut (n.f.)]
see thinning: crown
crown14000 [cime (n.f.)]
The part of a tree bearing branches and foliage.
crown class14100 [classe de cime (n.f.)]
Trees in a forest with crowns of similar development and occupying a similar position in the canopy; the term applies to groups of trees. (6)
- codominant [codominant (n.m.)]: Trees with crowns forming the general level of the main canopy in even-aged groups of trees, receiving full light from above and comparatively little from the sides. (1)
- dominant [dominant (n.m.)]: Trees with crowns extending above the general level of the main canopy of even-aged groups of trees and receiving full light from above and partial light from the sides. (1)
- intermediate [intermédiaire (n.m.)]: Trees with crowns extending into the lower portion of the main canopy of even-aged groups of trees, but shorter in height than the codominants; receiving little direct light from above and none from the sides; usually with small crowns that are crowded on the sides. (1)
- open grown [en croissance libre (n.f.)]: Trees with crowns receiving full light from all sides due to the openness of the canopy. (5)
- predominant [prédominant (n.m.)] Trees whose crowns have grown above the general level of the upper canopy. (3)
-
suppressed [dominé (n.m.)]: Trees with crowns entirely below the general level of the canopy of even-aged groups of trees, receiving no direct light either from above or from the sides. (1)
syn.overtopped
crown closure14200 [fermeture du couvert (n.f.)]
The available crown space between trees; 100% crown closure is the time at which all available crown space is fully occupied.
crown closure class14300 [classe de fermeture du couvert (n.f.)]
Any interval into which the range of proportions of ground area covered by the vertically projected tree crown areas of a stand is divided for classification and use.
crown cover14400 [couvert (n.m.)]
The ground area covered by the crowns of trees or woody vegetation as delimited by the vertical projection of crown perimeters and commonly expressed as a percentage of total ground area. (1)
crown density14500 [densité du couvert dXXXune cime (n.f.)]
The amount, compactness, or depth of foliage of a tree crown. (1)
crown pruning14600 [taille en cime (n.f.)]
1. Natural: Removal or decadence of lateral live crown by wind, abrasion, reduced light, etc.
2. Cultural: Mechanical removal of branch ends to shape crowns for aesthetic appeal, e.g., for Christmas trees, bonsai, etc. In seed orchards, promoting cone or fruit production nearer the ground to facilitate collection or other operations.
2. Cultural: Mechanical removal of branch ends to shape crowns for aesthetic appeal, e.g., for Christmas trees, bonsai, etc. In seed orchards, promoting cone or fruit production nearer the ground to facilitate collection or other operations.
crown thinning14700 [éclaircie par le haut (n.f.)]
see thinning: crown
crushing14800 [écrasage (n.m.)]
The compaction of slash and brush by machinery.
In Manitoba, the chopping of slash and provision of microsites are considered important features of this treatment.
cull14900 [rebut (n.m.)]
Trees or logs or portions thereof that are of merchantable size but are rendered unmerchantable by defects. (5)
In nursery practice, a seedling that does not match the grade or specifications.
cultural operations15000 [soins culturaux (n.m.)]
A general term for operations, as a rule not directly remunerative, undertaken to assist or complete existing tree regeneration, to promote the development of a forest crop, and to minimize damage caused by felling and extraction. (3)
cultural practices15100 [pratiques culturales (n.f.)]
see cultural operations
cut-bark application15200 [traitement par entaillage de lXXXécorce (n.m.)]
see basal bark treatment
cutover15300 [traitement des souches (n.f.)]
An area of forest land from which some or all timber has recently been cut. (5)
cut-stump treatment15400 [aire de coupe (n.m.)]
see stump treatment
cutting15500 [bouture (n.f.), abattage (n.m.)]
1. [bouture (n.f.)] A short length cut from a young, living stem, branch, or root, for propagating a whole new plant, in soil or other media. (3)
2. [abattage (n.m.)] The act of cutting down a standing tree.
syn. felling, falling
2. [abattage (n.m.)] The act of cutting down a standing tree.
syn. felling, falling
cutting cycle15600 [rotation (n.f.)]
The planned interval between partial harvests in an uneven-aged stand. (1)
cutting regime15700 [régime dXXXexploitation (n.m.)]
System of cutting treatments applied to a stand at a defined period.
deadwood15800 [bois mort (none)]
Timber produced from dead standing trees. (3)
More commonly, timber in dead standing trees.
More commonly, timber in dead standing trees.
debris15900 [débris (n.m.)]
see slash
debudding16000 [ébourgeonnage (n.m.)]
see bud pruning
deep chiseling16100 [ameublissement profond (n.m.)]
A surface treatment that loosens compacted soils. (18)
In Saskatchewan, termed decompaction.
In Saskatchewan, termed decompaction.
deep ploughing16200 [labourage profond (n.m.)]
see ploughing
deep ripping16300 [scarifiage profond (n.m.)]
see ripping
deforestation16400 [déboisement (n.m.)]
Permanent removal of forest cover and withdrawal of land from forest use, whether deliberately or circumstantially.
desirable plant species16500 [espèces privilégiées (n.f.)]
Species that contribute to management objectives. (19)
diameter16600 [diamètre (n.m.)]
- diameter at breast height (dbh) [diamètre à hauteur de poitrine (dhp)]: The stem diameter of a tree measured at breast height (1.3 m above ground level). Unless otherwise stated, applies to the outside bark dimension. (5)
- diameter at stump height (dsh) [diamètre ænbsp; hauteur de souche (dhs)]: The stem diameter of a tree measured at stump height. Stump height may be the actual height of a cut stump, or some arbitrarily selected standard. (5)
- diameter inside bark (dib) [diamètre sans écorce]: The diameter of a tree or log excluding double bark thickness. (5)
- diameter outside bark (dob) [diamètre avec écorce]: The diameter of a tree or log including bark. (5)
- diameter over stubs (dos) [diamètre du c?ur noueux]: The outer diameter of the knotty core in pruned trees.
diameter-limit cutting16700 [coupe au diamètre limite (n.f.)]
Removal of all merchantable trees above a specified minimum diameter, which in mixed stands may vary with species. (1)
diameter-limit felling16800 [abattage au diamètre minimal (n.m.)]
see diameter-limit cutting
dibble planting16900 [plantation au bâton (n.f.)]
Sowing seeds or setting out seedlings in rough holes made with a stick or peg. Also termed dibbling if done with a specially adapted tool such as a dibble. (3)
dibbling16950 [plantation au bâton (n.f.)]
see dibble planting
dipping17000 [trempage (n.m.)]
The immersion of seedling roots in a solution or water prior to planting.
direct seeding17100 [ensemencement direct (n.m.)]
see seeding: direct
disbudding17200 [ébourgeonnage (n.m.)]
see bud pruning
discing17300 [déchaumage (n.m.)]
Scarification technique using disks to break small slash and the organic layer and to cut vegetation, loosening and incorporating these into the soil. (21)
disease17400 [maladie (n.f.)]
Harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological processes, generally pathogenic or environmental in origin. (3)
dominance potential17500 [potentiel de dominance (n.f.)]
The relative ability of a tree or plant species to dominate a forest ecosystem, given an opportunity equal to that of its associates. (22)
dominant crown class17600 [classe de cime dominante (n.f.)]
see crown class: dominant
dominant thinning17700 [éclaircie jardinatoire (n.f.)]
see thinning: selection
dominated tree17800 [retardataire (n.m.)]
see crown class: intermediate
downed timber17900 [bois gisant (n.f.)]
see downed tree
downed tree18000 [arbre abattu (n.m.)]
Any tree that is lying on the ground, whether uprooted, stem-broken, or deliberately cut. (3)
drag scarification18100 [scarifiage par traînage (n.m.)]
Towing one or more rows of anchor chains, sharkfin barrels, tractor pads, alone or in various combinations, to break up and possibly spread slash and to loosen the forest floor and topsoil or expose mineral soil.
drainage18200 [drainage (n.m.)]
1. Hydrology/engineering: The process of removal of water from soil, particularly by surface runoff and subsurface percolation and artificially by measures for hastening removal, e.g., by ditching. (3)
2. Pedology: The frequency and duration of the periods when the soil is free of saturation or partial saturation. A measurable characteristic (including rapidity and extent), but generally assessed from profile morphology, e.g., graying and color, and landform. Commonly described in terms of subjective drainage classes, extending from very poorly drained to excessively drained. (3)
2. Pedology: The frequency and duration of the periods when the soil is free of saturation or partial saturation. A measurable characteristic (including rapidity and extent), but generally assessed from profile morphology, e.g., graying and color, and landform. Commonly described in terms of subjective drainage classes, extending from very poorly drained to excessively drained. (3)
drill18300 [rayon (n.m.)]
see drill seeder
drill seeder18400 [semoir en ligne (n.m.)]
A mechanical device for sowing seed in furrowed lines (i.e., in drills).
drill seeding18500 [ensemencement en ligne (n.m.)]
see drill seeder
drum chopper18600 [déchiqueteuse à tambour (n.f.)]
see slash chopper
dry packing18700 [injection à sec (none)]
In tree injection, a method of banding that uses a tight waterproof bandage packed with a chemical, either dry or in paste form. (3)
dry pruning18800 [élagage à sec (none)]
see pruning
duff18900 [humus (n.m.), litière (n.f.)]
A general term referring to the litter and humus layers of the forest floor.
dysgenic19000 [dysgénique (adj.)]
Detrimental to the genetic quality of a population and future generations. (25)
cf. eugenic
cf. eugenic
ecological amplitude19100 [amplitude écologique (n.f.)]
see tolerance
ecological land classification19200 [classification écologique des zones (n.f.)]
see forest site classification
ecosystem19300 [écosystème (n.m.)]
The sum of the plants, animals, environmental influences, and their interactions within a particular habitat.
ecotype19400 [écotype (n.m.)]
A race (provenance) adapted to the selective action of a particular environment. Ecotypes are described in terms of the primary environmental influence, e.g., climatic or edaphic. Ecotypes may only be evident when different provenances are tested in a uniform environment. (25)
effective seedling19500 [semis établi (n.m.)]
Any seedling, whether natural or planted, that has survived in reasonable vigor for some arbitrary time and is so sited that it should make an effective contribution to the crop. All those seedlings in relation to the optimum are considered elements of the effective stocking. (3)
effective stocking19600 [matériel relatif efficace (n.m.)]
see effective seedling
emergent19700 [émergent (n.m.)]
A tree whose crown at maturity projects well above the level of the highest canopy. (3)
enrichment plantation19800 [plantation dXXXenrichissement (n.f.)]
see improvement plantation
epicormic shoot19900 [pousse adventive (n.f.)]
syn. sprout
A shoot arising from a dormant or adventitious bud on the stem or branch of a woody plant. (1)
A shoot arising from a dormant or adventitious bud on the stem or branch of a woody plant. (1)
establishment20000 [établissement (n.m.)]
The process of developing a crop to the stage at which the young trees may be considered established, i.e., safe from juvenile mortality and no longer in need of special protection or special tending, but only routine cleaning, thinning, and pruning. (3)
establishment period20100 [période dXXXimplantation (n.f.)]
The time elapsing between the initiation of a new crop and its establishment. (3)
eugenic20200 [eugénique (adj.)]
Favorable to the genetic quality of a population. (11)
cf. dysgenic
cf. dysgenic
even-aged20300 [équienne (adj.)]
Of a forest, stand, or forest type in which relatively small age differences exist between individual trees. The differences in age permitted are usually 10 to 20 years; if the stand will not be harvested until it is 100 to 200 years old, larger differences up to 25% of the rotation age may be allowed. (5)
cf. uneven-aged
cf. uneven-aged
even-aged system20400 [régime équienne (n.m.)]
Silvicultural systems in which stands have an even-aged structure, e.g., clearcutting method, coppice method, seed-tree method. (1)
exotic20500 [exotique (adj.)]
An introduced, non-native tree species.
extensive forest management20600 [aménagement extensif (n.m.)]
Protection from fire and insects; reliance on natural regeneration.
fertilization20700 [fécondation (n.f.)]
The union of the nucleus and other cellular constituents of a male gamete (sperm, pollen grain) with those of the female gamete (ovum, egg cell) to form a zygote from which may develop a new organism. (3)
fertilizer application20800 [application dXXXengrais (n.f.)]
see fertilizing
fertilizing20900 [fertilisation (n.f.)]
The application of chemical or organic fertilizers with the objective of increasing the unit area soil productivity. (3)
field germination21000 [germination au champ (n.f.)]
Generally, measure of the percentage, by number, of seeds in a given sample that germinate and produce a seedling, irrespective of subsequent seedling survival. (3)
field nursery21100 [pépinière volante (n.f.)]
A nursery, generally not permanent, established in or near the forest rather than near an administrative or executive headquarters. (3)
Also referred to as satellite nursery in Ontario and in the Prairies.
Also referred to as satellite nursery in Ontario and in the Prairies.
filled seed21200 [regarni (n.f.)]
see full seed
filler21300 [graine pleine (n.m.)]
A tree or species of inferior value, retained in thinning or cleaning, in the absence of any better. (3)
fill planting21400 [remplissage (n.m.)]
The planting of trees in areas of inadequate stocking to achieve the desired level of stocking, either in plantations or areas of natural regeneration.
cf. interplanting
cf. interplanting
final cutting21500 [coupe définitive (n.f.)]
The last of a series of progressive regeneration cuts which removes the last of the original seed trees when the regeneration is considered established. (2)
fire hazard reduction21600 [réduction du risque dXXXincendie (n.f.)]
Any treatment of fuels that reduces the threat of ignition and spread of fire. (3)
forest21700 [forêt (n.f.)]
1. Ecology: Generally, an ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover. More particularly, a plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together. (3)
2. Silviculture/forest management: An area managed for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for such indirect benefits as the protection of watersheds, the provision of recreation areas, or the preservation of natural habitat. (3)
2. Silviculture/forest management: An area managed for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for such indirect benefits as the protection of watersheds, the provision of recreation areas, or the preservation of natural habitat. (3)
forestation21800 [type forestier (n.f.)]
The establishment of forest, naturally or artificially, on an area, whether previously carrying forest or not. (3)
cf. afforestation, deforestation, reforestation
cf. afforestation, deforestation, reforestation
forest cover type21900 [peuplement forestier (n.m.)]
see forest type
forest crop22000 [génétique forestière (n.m.)]
see crop
forest genetics22100 [hygiène sylvicole (n.f.)]
The study of heredity in forest trees. (11)
forest hygiene22200 [amélioration forestière (n.f.)]
Care for the health of the forest, particularly by sanitation cutting. (3)
forest improvement22300 [unité dXXXaménagement forestier (n.f.)]
see timber stand improvement
forest management unit22400 [modèle de forêt (n.f.)]
An area of forest land managed as a unit for fiber production and other renewable resources. This unit can be the entire province or territory, a provincial forest management subdivision, an industrial timber limit, etc. (5)
forest model22500 [pépinière forestière (n.m.)]
A computer-based simulation that, within definable parameters, forecasts the development of a forest.
forest nursery22600 [plantation forestière (n.f.)]
see nursery
forest planting22700 [pratiques forestières (n.f.)]
see planting
forest practices22800 [rémanents (n.f.)]
Any activities that enhance or recover forest growth or harvest yield (e.g., site preparation, planting, thinning, fertilizing, harvesting, etc.), and road construction or reconstruction within forest lands for the purpose of facilitating harvest or forest management, and any management of slash resulting from harvesting or improvement of tree species. (24)
forest residue22900 [hygiène en forêt (n.m.)]
see slash
forestry23000 [type forestier (n.f.)]
Generally, a profession embracing the science, business, and art of creating, conserving, and managing forests and forest lands for the continuing use of their resources, material or other. The profitable exploitation of the resources intrinsic to forest land. "The science, the art and the practices of managing and using for human benefit the natural resources that occur on and in association with forest lands." (3)
cf. sustainable forestry
cf. sustainable forestry
forest sanitation23100 [classification de la station forestière (n.f.)]
see forest hygiene
forest site23200 [type forestier (n.m.)]
see forest site type
forest site classification23300 [amélioration génétique des arbres forestiers (n.f.)]
Grouping of forest sites using either the composition or the productivity of the vegetation as well as soil and topographic position.
forest site type23400 [amélioration générale des arbres forestiers (n.m.)]
Generally, a category of forest or forest land, actual or potential. (3)
forest tree breeding23500 [pépinière forestière (n.f.)]
The genetic manipulation of trees, usually involving selection, testing, and controlled mating, to solve some specific problem or to produce a specially desired product.
forest tree improvement23600 [type forestier (n.f.)]
The control of parentage combined with other silvicultural activities (such as site preparation or fertilizing) to improve the overall yield and quality of products from forest lands. (12)
forest tree nursery23700 [création de forêt (n.f.)]
see nursery
forest type23800 [foresterie (n.m.)]
A group of forested areas or stands of similar composition; forest types are usually separated and identified by species composition and often by height and crown closure classes. (5)
formation23900 [période dXXXétablissement (n.f.)]
All the operations contributing to the creation of a new forest cover up to the stage where it is considered established. (3)
free-from-noncrop-competition (FNC)24000 [établi (n.f.)]
syn. free-to-grow (FTG)
The condition of a forest stand when it is established and acceptable for entry into the productive timber land base. The stand must meet these criteria (locally defined): minimum stocking, desired species composition, minimum height development, and freedom from competition that impedes growth.
The term free growing is used in British Columbia.
The condition of a forest stand when it is established and acceptable for entry into the productive timber land base. The stand must meet these criteria (locally defined): minimum stocking, desired species composition, minimum height development, and freedom from competition that impedes growth.
The term free growing is used in British Columbia.
free growing24100 [éclaircie libre (adj.)]
see free-to-grow
free thinning24200 [établi (n.f.)]
see thinning: free
frill girdling24300 [annélation en encoches (n.f.)]
Girdling by making a series of downward, more or less overlapping incisions, generally for the introduction of herbicide. Spaced incisions are termed frill cuts. A double series of such incisions is referred to as double-frill girdling. (3)
frilling24400 [incision par encoches groupées (n.f.)]
see frill girdling
frost heaving (heave, lift)24500 [déchaussement par le gel (n.m.)]
Upward displacement of normal soil level as a result of expansion due to ice formation in frozen soil; in nurseries and plantations, the partial or total extrusion of seedlings or other small plants caused by such soil displacement. (3)
fuel plantation24600 [plantation énergétique (n.f.)]
syn. fuelwood plantation
Setting out young trees to be hogged for burning. (3)
Setting out young trees to be hogged for burning. (3)
full seed24700 [graine pleine (n.f.)]
seed showing apparently complete embryo and endosperm or megagametophyte structures, irrespective of actual viability. (3)
full-sibs24800 [matériel sur pied relatif normal (n.m.)]
Trees with both parents in common. (11)
Defined in Manitoba as trees where both parents are known.
Defined in Manitoba as trees where both parents are known.
full stocking24900 [pleins germains (n.m.)]
see stocking
fungicide25000 [fongicide (n.m.)]
Any agent used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi and their spores. (4)
genotype25100 [génotype (n.m.)]
An individual hereditary constitution derived from its parents and forming a unique combination of genes; sometimes referring to trees having similar genetic constitutions with regard to certain common, identifiable, genetic characteristics, expressed in the phenotype.
geographic information system (GIS)25200 [système dXXXinformation géographique (SIG) (n.m.)]
An information system that uses a spatial database to provide answers to queries of a geographical nature through a variety of manipulations, such as sorting, selective retrieval, calculation, spatial analysis, and modeling. (9)
geometric thinning25300 [éclaircie géométrique (n.f.)]
see thinning: mechanical
germinability25400 [viabilité germinative (n.f.)]
see viability
germinating energy25500 [vigueur germinative (n.f.)]
see germinative energy
germinating quality25600 [viabilité germinative (n.f.)]
see viability
germination capacity25700 [faculté germinative (n.f.)]
see germinative capacity
germination energy25800 [vigueur germinative (n.f.)]
see germinative energy
germination percent (power)25900 [faculté germinative (n.f.)]
see germinative capacity
germination quality26000 [viabilité germinative (n.f.)]
see viability
germination test26100 [essai de germination (n.m.)]
A test made to determine the viability of seeds, spores, or pollen grains in a given sample. (3)
germinative capacity26200 [faculté germinative (n.f.)]
The percentage of seeds, spores, or pollen grains in a given sample that actually germinate, irrespective of time. In any batch of seeds, the percentage that is pure (of the species required) multiplied by the germinative capacity gives the proportion of pure live seeds. (3)
germinative energy26300 [vigueur germinative (n.f.)]
The percentage of seeds, spores, or pollen grains in a given sample germinating within a given period e.g., 7 or 14 days, under optimum or stated conditions. (3)
girdling26400 [annélation (n.f.)]
1. Silviculture: Making more or less continuous incisions around a living stem, through at least both bark and cambium, generally with the object of killing the tree. Sometimes termed mechanical girdling, to distinguish it from herbicide girdling when herbicide is added. (7) Making a series of close downward and upward, i.e., V-shaped, incisions into the sapwood is termed notch-girdling.
2. Forest protection: Destruction (on the part of agencies other than human, e.g., insects, rodents) of tissue, particularly living tissue, in a rough ring around a stem, branch, or root. (3)
cf. frill girdling, bark stripping
2. Forest protection: Destruction (on the part of agencies other than human, e.g., insects, rodents) of tissue, particularly living tissue, in a rough ring around a stem, branch, or root. (3)
cf. frill girdling, bark stripping
graft26500 [greffe (n.f.)]
n: A plant that has been grafted. (11)
v: To place a detached cutting or branch tip (scion) in close cambial contact with a rooted plant (understock) in such a manner that scion and rootstock unite. (11)
v: To place a detached cutting or branch tip (scion) in close cambial contact with a rooted plant (understock) in such a manner that scion and rootstock unite. (11)
granular application26600 [application sous forme granulaire (n.f.)]
A general process by which fertilizers or herbicides in the form of grains are applied to a given area.
green manuring26700 [application dXXXengrais vert (n.f.)]
Increasing the fertility of soil by raising suitable herbaceous crops on it, particularly Fabaceae, but also Cruciferae and Gramineae, and digging or ploughing them while succulent, with or without supplementary fertilizers. (3)
green pruning26800 [élagage en vert (n.m.)]
see pruning
ground clearance26900 [préparation du site (n.f.)]
see ground preparation
ground preparation27000 [préparation du terrain (n.f.)]
A general term for removing unwanted vegetation, slash, and even stumps, roots, and stones, from a site. (3)
group cutting27100 [trouée (n.f.)]
see group method
group cutting method27200 [système de coupes progressives par trouées (n.f.)]
see group method
group felling27300 [trouée (n.f.)]
see group method
group method27400 [mode de régénération par coupes progressives par trouées (n.m.)]
A shelterwood system in which the canopy is opened, by group cutting, so as to create fairly evenly distributed gaps which are enlarged by subsequent cuttings. Regeneration within gaps is mainly natural, though often supplemented artificially; regeneration interval is fairly short and resultant crop is more or less even-aged and regular. (3)
group planting27500 [plantation par bouquets (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees in groups. (3)
group selection27600 [jardinage par groupes (n.m.)]
see group-selection method
group-selection method27650 [jardinage par groupes (n.m.)]
A method of regenerating and maintaining uneven-aged stands in which trees are removed in small groups. (1)
group shelterwood cutting27700 [trouée de régénération (n.f.)]
see group method
growing stock27800 [matériel sur pied (n.m.)]
All the trees growing in a forest or in a specified part of it, generally expressed in terms of number or volume. (3)
growth promoter27900 [déclencheur de croissance (n.m.)]
Any agent present or provided as a supplement to the plant or its environment to activate growth.
hand weeding27950 [désherbage manuel (n.m.)]
Removing the undesirable species inhibiting the growth of valued species manually.
hardening off28000 [endurcissement (n.m.)]
Preparing seedlings or rooted cuttings for planting by gradually reducing water, nutrients, or day length, or by increasing light intensity and thus inducing changes in shoots that make them more resistant to exposure to full sunlight, desiccation, cold, etc. (1)
hard seed28100 [graine dure (n.f.)]
Seed having coats that resist cracking or breaking and may be more or less impermeable to water.
hard snag28200 [chicot dur (n.m.)]
A snag composed primarily of sound wood, generally merchantable. (13)
hardwood(s)28300 [feuillu(s) (n.m.)]
1. Trees belonging to the botanical group Angiospermae having broad leaves that, in temperate regions, are usually shed annually. Also, stands of such trees and the wood produced by them. (5)
2. A forest type in which 0-25% of the canopy (or of the basal area, in some jurisdictions) is softwood (conifereous). (5)
2. A forest type in which 0-25% of the canopy (or of the basal area, in some jurisdictions) is softwood (conifereous). (5)
harrowing28350 [hersage (n.m.)]
see discing
harvesting28400 [récolte (n.f.)]
A general term for the removal of produce from the forest for utilization; comprising cutting, sometimes further initial processing (topping and trimming), and extraction.
heeling in28500 [mise en jauge (n.f.)]
Temporary storage of seedlings by burial of root systems in a trench.
herbicide28600 [herbicide (n.m.)]
Any chemical preparation used to kill or inhibit the growth of forbs, grasses, woody plants, and their seeds. (4)
heritability28700 [héritabilité (n.f.)]
That portion of the character variance due to hereditary factors as distinct from factors of environment. Heritability is described in one of two ways, depending on the type of investigation. In progeny tests (based on sexually propagated material) it is described as narrow sense and is the ratio of the additive genetic variance to the total (i.e., genetic + environmental = phenotypic) variance of a character; in clonal tests (based on vegetatively propagated material) it is described as broad sense and is the ratio of the total genetic variance to the total (i.e., phenotypic) variance of a character. (3)
high forest28800 [futaie (n.f.)]
Crops and stands of trees, generally of seedling origin, that normally develop a high closed canopy. A term originally used to differentiate the natural, essentially seedling forest of long rotation from the artificial, coppice forest of shorter rotation. (3)
high-forest systems28900 [écrémage (n.m.)]
Silvicultural systems in which the crops are normally of seedling origin, natural and/or artificial, and the rotation is, traditionally at least, long. (3)
high-forest-with-reserves system29000 [élagage élevé (n.f.)]
An accessory system in which selected trees of the old crop, scattered or in groups, are retained after regeneration is completed, for the whole or a part of the next rotation. (3)
high grading29100 [éclaircie par le haut (n.m.)]
A partial harvest removing only the most valuable species, or trees of desirable size and quality, without regard for the condition of the residual stand. (1)
high pruning29200 [régime de la futaie (n.m.)]
see pruning
high thinning29300 [futaie avec sur-réserves (n.f.)]
see thinning: crown thinning
hogging29400 [déchiquetage (n.f.)]
Reducing wood to coarse chips, for fuel or the manufacture of wood pulp and wood chipboard. (3)
holdover29500 [survivant (n.m.)]
see veteran
hole planting29600 [plantation sur potets (n.f.)]
Setting plants in loosened soil replaced in or brought to a dug hole or pit. Roots separated on either side of a wedge or saddle of earth left in situ when the hole was dug is termed saddle planting. In side-hole planting, the trees are set against the side. (3)
humus29700 [humus (n.m.)]
1. A general term for the more or less decomposed (plant and animal) residues in the soil, litter therefore being excluded. Humus layer is a general term for the surface layers composed of or dominated by organic material, whether unincorporated or incorporated with mineral soil, or at some intermediate stage. (3)
2. More specifically, the more or less stable fraction of decomposed soil organic material, generally amorphous, colloidal, and dark colored. (3)
2. More specifically, the more or less stable fraction of decomposed soil organic material, generally amorphous, colloidal, and dark colored. (3)
hybrid29800 [hybride (n.m.)]
The offspring of genetically different parents (usually refers to crosses between two species). (3)
hydroseeding29900 [ensemencement hydraulique (n.m.)]
Dissemination of seed hydraulically in a water medium. Mulch, lime, and fertilizer can be incorporated into the sprayed mixture. (18)
immature30000 [jeune (adj.)]
In even-aged management, those trees or stands that have grown past the regeneration stage but are not yet mature. (5)
In uneven-aged management, established trees too young for commercial harvest.
In uneven-aged management, established trees too young for commercial harvest.
impeder30100 [inhibiteur (n.m.)]
An individual of any value actually impeding the development of another individual of higher grade. (17)
improvement cutting30200 [coupe dXXXamélioration (n.f.)]
A cutting made in a stand past the sapling stage, primarily to improve composition and quality through the removal of less desirable trees of any species. (1)
improvement planting30300 [plantation dXXXenrichissement (n.f.)]
Any planting done to improve the value of a stand, and not to establish a regular plantation. (3)
increment30400 [accroissement (n.m.)]
The increase in diameter, basal area, height, volume, quality, or value of individual trees or stands during a given period. (5)
incremental silviculture30450 [sylviculture supplémentaire (n.f.)]
see intensive silviculture
incremental felling30500 [éclaircie préparatoire à lXXXensemencement (n.f.)]
A heavy thinning near the end of the rotation designed to stimulate growth of the trees left to form the final crop. (3)
infilling30600 [regarni (n.m.)]
see fill planting
ingrowth30700 [recrutement (n.m.)]
The volume or number of trees that have grown past an arbitrary lower limit of measurement during a specified period. (1)
insecticide30800 [insecticide (n.m.)]
Any chemical or biological preparation used to kill or disrupt the development of insects. (4)
integrated pest management30900 [gestion intégrée des ravageurs (n.f.)]
The goal of integrated pest management is to advantageously change the pest-host relationship which is a component of a larger socio-ecological system, while minimizing adverse impacts, of any sort, on the rest of the system. (29)
integrated resource management (IRM)31000 [gestion intégrée des ressources (n.f.)]
Management of natural ressources in order to achieve maximum benefits; integrating forest management to nontimber uses and values not only to produce timber, but also to develop the wildlife and recreational capacities of forested areas.
intensive forest management31100 [aménagement forestier intensif (n.m.)]
Basic forest management plus juvenile-stand improvement plus acceleration of artificial regeneration.
intensive silviculture31200 [sylviculture intensive (n.f.)]
Application of cultural measures which, in addition to simply maintaining the forest cover, will allow an increase in the value or volume of the cut.
The term incremental silviculture is defined in the British Columbia Forest Act and thus "intensive silviculture" is no longer used there.
In Ontario, intensive silviculture may be considered to include plantation establishment, e.g., using genetically improved planting stock; intensive site preparation, such as spraying herbicides to reduce competing vegetation before mechanical preparation; and manual weeding of plantations at early stages.
The term incremental silviculture is defined in the British Columbia Forest Act and thus "intensive silviculture" is no longer used there.
In Ontario, intensive silviculture may be considered to include plantation establishment, e.g., using genetically improved planting stock; intensive site preparation, such as spraying herbicides to reduce competing vegetation before mechanical preparation; and manual weeding of plantations at early stages.
intercropping31300 [culture dérobée (n.f.)]
The raising of a forest crop in conjunction with a temporary agricultural crop. (3)
intermediate crown class31400 [classe de cime intermédiaire (n.f.)]
see crown class: intermediate
intermediate cutting31500 [coupe intermédiaire (n.f.)]
see intermediate treatments
intermediate treatments31600 [traitement intermédiaire (n.m.)]
Any treatment in a stand during that portion of the rotation not included in the final harvest or regeneration period. (1)
cf. tending
cf. tending
intermediate tree31700 [retardataire, intermédiaire (adj.)]
see crown class: intermediate
interplanting31800 [plantation intercalaire (n.f.)]
Planting young trees among existing natural regeneration or previously planted trees of similar age. (1)
This activity is known as fill-in planting in Alberta, considered to be the same as fill planting in Ontario and British Columbia, and called gap planting in Newfoundland.
cf. fill planting
This activity is known as fill-in planting in Alberta, considered to be the same as fill planting in Ontario and British Columbia, and called gap planting in Newfoundland.
cf. fill planting
irregular shelterwood system31900 [système des coupes progressives irrégulières (n.m.)]
see shelterwood cutting
irregular stocking32000 [matériel relatif irrégulier (n.m.)]
see stocking: partially stocked
irregular uneven-aged structure32100 [structure inéquienne irrégulière (n.f.)]
Stands that have three or more distinct age classes which do not occupy approximately equal areas. Distribution of diameters is unbalanced. (1)
Also referred to in Ontario as multistoried stands.
cf. regular uneven-aged structure
Also referred to in Ontario as multistoried stands.
cf. regular uneven-aged structure
isolation strip32200 [bande dXXXisolement (n.f.)]
see buffer
J-root32300 [racine en J (n.f.)]
A root, especially a seedling tap root, having a sharp bend greater than 90, shaped like a J. Frequently introduced by inappropriate planting. (23)
juvenile spacing32400 [éclaircie précommerciale (n.f.)]
see precommercial thinning
juvenile wood32500 [bois de jeunesse (n.m.)]
An inner layer of xylem surrounding the pith, in which the cells are smaller and/or less structurally developed than those of the outer xylem. The period during which it is formed is termed the juvenile period; it varies between individuals and with species and environmental conditions. (3)
knotty core32600 [coeur noueux (n.m.)]
The central core of wood in a pruned tree that contains knots.
L-notch planting32700 [plantation avec fentes en L (n.f.)]
Special form of slit planting involving two slits at right angles with the seedling placed at the apex of the L.
lammas shoots32800 [pousse dXXXété (n.f.)]
Extra leader growth extension late in the growing season. (10)
lateral pruning32900 [élagage des racines latérales (n.m.)]
see box pruning
layering33000 [marcottage (n.m.)]
The rooting of an undetached branch, lying on or partially buried in the soil, or surrounded by moist fiber sealed in a plastic wrap (air layering), termed a layer, which is capable of independent growth after separation from the parent plant.
layering method33100 [méthode du marcottage (n.f.)]
Regeneration of a forest stand using layerings. (10)
leave strip33200 [rideau dXXXarbres (n.m.)]
A strip of timber left standing between two clearcut areas. (3)
leave tree33300 [arbre marqué en réserve (n.m.)]
A tree (marked to be) left standing in an area where other trees are felled. (3)
liberation33400 [dégagement (n.m.)]
see release
lift33500 [élagage (n.m.)]
A stage in the sawlog pruning regime for a tree; usually three separate lifts are needed to ensure a merchantable length of stem with a cylindrical knotty core without taper.
lifting33600 [arrachage (n.m.)]
Loosening and removing a plant from the ground as typically practised in nurseries. (3)
lifting the canopy33700 [élagage de dégagement (n.m.)]
Removing the lower constituents of a canopy, e.g., the lowest undergrowth, shrubs, and small trees in a multistoried forest, mainly to assist the main crop, particularly for regeneration, but also for readier access. (3)
line planting33800 [plantation en lignes (n.f.)]
see corridor planting
line thinning33900 [éclaircie en ligne (n.f.)]
see thinning: row
lining out34000 [repiquage en ligne (n.m.)]
Transplanting seedlings or rooted cuttings in rows in a nursery bed. (3)
litter34100 [litière (n.f.)]
The uppermost layer, the L-layer, of organic debris on a forest floor, i.e., essentially the freshly fallen or only slightly decomposed vegetable material, mainly foliate (leaf litter) but also bark fragments, twigs, flowers, fruits, etc. This and the less decomposed humus are together often termed duff. (3)
live burning34200 [brûlage immédiat (n.m.)]
The burning of green slash progressively as it is cut. (3)
live-crown ratio34300 [taux de cime vivante (n.m.)]
A rough but convenient index of the ability of a tree's crown to nourish the remaining part of the tree; it is the percentage of length of stem having living branches. (10)
L-notch planting34350 [plantation avec fentes en L (n.f.)]
Special form of slit planting involving two slits at right angles with the seedling placed at the apex of the L.
logged area34400 [aire de coupe (n.f.)]
syn. logged-over area see cutover
logging damage34500 [dommage de coupe (n.m.)]
General term comprising wounds resulting from cutting, breakage, or crushing of trees that resulted from the felling and the removal of trees designated for cutting. (10)
May also include scoring of site and soil leading to exposure of infertile subsoil and soil erosion.
May also include scoring of site and soil leading to exposure of infertile subsoil and soil erosion.
logging debris34600 [déchets de coupe (n.m.)]
see slash
lop and top34700 [résidus dXXXébranchage-façonnage (n.m.)]
The branches and tops cut from a tree, generally once felled or fallen. (3)
lopping34800 [ébranchage (n.m.)]
Chopping branches, tops, and small trees after felling into lengths such that the resultant slash will lie close to the ground. (3)
lopping and scattering34900 [déchiquetage-épandage (n.m.)]
Lopping the slash created after felling and spreading it more or less evenly over the ground without burning. (3)
low thinning35000 [éclaircie par le bas (n.f.)]
see thinning: low
machine weeding35100 [désherbage mécanique (n.m.)]
see mechanical weeding
main crop35200 [peuplement principal (n.m.)]
In regular crops or stands, that portion of the growing stock retained after an intermediate cutting. (3)
manual weeding35300 [désherbage manuel (n.m.)]
see weeding
manure35400 [fumier (n.m.), lisier (n.m.)]
Commonly the dung of farm animals. Also natural or artificial food material for plants and trees, supplying nitrogen, phosphates, and potash and other essential nutrients. (20)
marking35500 [marquage (n.m.)]
Putting a distinctive, more or less lasting, sign on a tree for purposes of identification. (3)
Note: Marking die must be registered to make a legal mark on wood.
Note: Marking die must be registered to make a legal mark on wood.
marking gun35600 [pistolet marqueur (n.m.)]
see paint gun
marking hammer35700 [marteau forestier (n.m.), étampe (n.f.)]
syn. marking axe, marking cog
A light hammer having a die for stamping letters, figures, or other distinctive devices. (3)
A light hammer having a die for stamping letters, figures, or other distinctive devices. (3)
marking rule35800 [règle de marquage (n.f.)]
Means of standardizing marking practice among individuals and for various areas of the same forest type, commonly for thinning purposes. (10)
mature35900 [mûr (adj.)]
In even-aged management, those trees or stands that are sufficiently developed to be harvestable and that are at or near rotation age (includes overmature trees and stands for which an overmature class has not been recognized). (5)
maturity class36000 [classe de maturité (n.f.)]
Trees or stands grouped according to their stage of development, from establishment to suitability for harvest. A maturity class may comprise one or more age classes. (5)
mechanical planting36100 [plantation mécanique (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees by means of a machine specially designed for this operation.
mechanical thinning36200 [éclaircie systématique (n.f.)]
see thinning: mechanical
mechanical weeding36300 [désherbage mécanique (n.m.)]
Removal of undesirable vegetation by mechanical means.
mechanized planting36400 [plantation mécanisée (n.f.)]
see mechanical planting
mechanized thinning36500 [éclaircie systématique (n.f.)]
see thinning: mechanical
mechanized weeding36600 [désherbage mécanisé (n.m.)]
see weeding
merchantable36700 [marchand (adj.)]
Of a tree or stand that has attained sufficient size, quality, and/or volume to make it suitable for harvesting. Does not imply accessibility, economic or otherwise. (5)
merchantable snag36800 [chicot marchand (n.m.)]
A snag that is of sufficient quality and/or volume to make it suitable for harvesting.
microsite36900 [niche (écologique) (n.f.)]
The ultimate unit of the habitat, i.e., the specific spot occupied by an individual organism. By extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism and its environment. (3)
mist forest37000 [forêt de brouillard (n.f.)]
A forest of high elevation that occurs along the foggy windward shores of continents and islands. (10)
mist propagation37100 [brumisation (n.f.)]
An irrigation technique for rooting cuttings where water, with or without fertilizers, is sprayed in minute drops on the plants.
mixed stand37200 [mélangé (adj.)]
A stand composed of two or more species in which less than 80% of trees in the main crown canopy are of a single species. (1)
The threshold in Manitoba and New Brunswick is 75%.
cf. pure stand
The threshold in Manitoba and New Brunswick is 75%.
cf. pure stand
mixedwood(s)37300 [mixte (adj.), forêt(s) mixte(s) (n.f.)]
1. Trees belonging to either of the botanical groups Gymnospermae or Angiospermae and which are substantially intermingled in stands. Also, the wood of such trees mixed together in substantial quantities. (5)
2. A forest type in which 26-75% of the canopy is softwood. (5)
2. A forest type in which 26-75% of the canopy is softwood. (5)
mixing37400 [mélange (n.m.)]
Site preparation technique involving rotating tillers or other devices that mix soil and surface organic material with fine debris. (21)
model forest37500 [forêt modèle (n.f.)]
A forest or designated area including forests and woodlands for which an integrated management plan is created and implemented to achieve multiple objectives on a sustainable basis.
monoculture37600 [monoculture (n.f.)]
1. General: Cultivation of a single crop or product without using the land for other purposes. (12)
2. Biology: Extensive areas of land occupied or dominated by plant species that are closely related genetically. (12)
2. Biology: Extensive areas of land occupied or dominated by plant species that are closely related genetically. (12)
mortality37700 [mortalité (n.f.)]
Death or destruction of forest trees as result of competition, disease, insect damage, drought, wind, fire, old age, and other factors, excluding harvesting. (5)
mounding37800 [buttage (n.m.)]
Forming raised planting spots or mounds by the scooping up and inversion of a quantity of organic and mineral soil. (21)
mound planting37900 [buttage (n.m.), plantation sur butte (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees on raised microsites.
mulch38000 [mulch (n.m.), paillis (n.m.)]
Any loose covering on the surface of the soil, whether natural, like litter, or deliberately applied, like organic residues, crushed gravel, or artificial material like plastic, glass-wool, metal foil, and paper, used to reduce competing vegetation, retain humidity, or protect against frost and mechanical action of rain. (3)
mulching38100 [paillage (n.m.)]
see mulch
natural pruning38200 [élagage naturel (n.m.)]
syn. self-pruning
The freeing of the stem of a standing tree from its branches through natural death, disintegration, and/or fall, resulting from such causes as decay, deficiency of light or water, or snow, ice, and wind breakage. (3)
The freeing of the stem of a standing tree from its branches through natural death, disintegration, and/or fall, resulting from such causes as decay, deficiency of light or water, or snow, ice, and wind breakage. (3)
natural regeneration38300 [régénération naturelle (n.f.)]
Renewal of a tree crop by natural seeding, sprouting, suckering, or layering. (1)
nest planting38400 [plantation en nids (n.f.)]
Setting out a number of seedlings or seeds close together in a prepared hole, pit, or spot. (3)
new forestry38500 [nouvelle foresterie (n.f.)]
A forest management philosophy that attempts to retain characteristics of old-growth stands in managed stands.
non-commercial thinning38600 [éclaircie précommerciale (n.f.)]
see thinning: precommercial
notch-girdling38700 [annélation en zigzag (n.f.)]
see girdling
NSR38800 [insuffisamment régénéré (adj.)]
see stocking: NSR
nurse log38900 [grume-abri (n.f.)]
A dead or downed log that fosters tree seedlings by protecting them from such environmental factors as wind, insolation, or frost, or by providing appropriate soil and microclimate. (13)
nursery bed39000 [arbre-abri (n.f.)]
One of the specially prepared plots in a nursery where seed is sown or into which transplants or cuttings are put. (3)
nurse tree (nurse crop)39100 [pépinière (n.m.), culture-abri (n.f.)]
A tree or crop of trees, shrubs, or other plants, either naturally occurring or introduced, used to nurture or improve the form of a more important tree or crop during youth by protecting it from frost, insolation, or wind. (1)
nursery39200 [planche (n.f.)]
An area set aside for the raising of young trees mainly for planting out. Temporary nurseries, particularly those formed beneath a high canopy of large trees, may be termed bush nurseries. (3)
cf. field nursery
cf. field nursery
occlusion39300 [occlusion (n.f.)]
The process of healing of cut branch stubs by the cambium of the surrounding stem surface.
old field39400 [champ abandonné (n.m.)]
An area of cleared open land no longer used for cultivation or pasture which may be in the process of reverting to forest.
old growth39500 [vieux (adj.), vieux peuplement (n.m.)]
A stand of mature or overmature trees relatively uninfluenced by human activity. (5)
opening up39600 [ouverture du couvert (n.f.)]
Considerable reduction of canopy density, e.g., by lopping, felling, or herbicidal treatment of selected trees, or naturally through pests, disease, or drought mortality. (3)
optimum stocking39700 [matériel relatif optimal (n.m.)]
see stocking: optimum
outplant39800 [plant sur le terrain (n.m.)]
A seedling, transplant, or cutting ready to be established on an area.
outplanting39900 [plantation sur le terrain (n.f.)]
see forest planting
over-all application40000 [traitement en plein (n.m.)]
see broadcast application
overmature40100 [suranné (adj.)]
In even-aged management, those trees or stands past the mature stage. (5)
overplanting40200 [regarnissage (n.m.)]
see fill planting
overstocked40300 [de densité relative excessive (n.f.)]
see stocking: overstocked
overstory40400 [étage dominant (n.m.)]
see story
overstory removal40500 [suppression de lXXXétage dominant (n.f.)]
A final harvest in which the cutting releases advance regeneration. (1)
overtopped crown class40600 [classe de cime dominée (n.f.)]
see crown class: suppressed
overtopped tree40700 [arbre dominé (n.m.)]
see crown class: suppressed
paint gun40800 [pistolet marqueur (n.m.)]
A low-pressure hand tool for squirting a distinctive mark of paint on trees and timber. (3)
partial cutting40900 [coupe partielle (n.f.)]
see partial harvest
partial harvest41000 [coupe partielle (n.f.)]
Any cutting in which only part of the stand is harvested. (1)
partial seeding41100 [ensemencement localisé (n.m.)]
Seeding confined to limited areas, e.g., drills, strips, patches, or nests, generally according to a regular spatial pattern. (3)
patch burning41200 [brûlage par placettes (n.m.)]
Burning felling debris, grass, etc. in patches for the purpose of preparing sites for group planting or sowing. (3)
patch cutting41300 [jardinage par bouquets (n.m.)]
see selection cutting
patch logging41400 [exploitation par blocs (n.f.)]
A modification of the clearcutting system developed in the Pacific Coast region of North America, whereby patches of about 5 to 200 ha are logged as single units, separated for as long as practicable (preferably until the regeneration is adequately shading the forest floor) by living forest; this secures the optimum dispersal of seed and avoids the high hazard of large continuous areas of slash, particularly with respect to fire. (3)
patch planting41500 [plantation sur placeaux (n.f.)]
see spot planting
patch scarifier41600 [scarificateur de placeaux (n.m.)]
A mechanized implement used to expose patches of mineral soil in a systematic pattern. (21)
patch seeding41700 [ensemencement sur placeaux (n.m.)]
see seeding: spot
pathogen41800 [pathogène (n.m.)]
A microscopic organism or virus directly capable of causing disease. (3)
PCT41850 [éclaircie précommerciale (n.f.)]
see thinning: precommercial
peg planting41900 [plantation au bâton (n.f.)]
see dibble planting
pelleting42000 [enrobage (n.m.)]
Incorporating seed in a matrix of fungicide, insecticide, repellent, coloring material or inert carrier, or any combination of these, so as to form a small ball termed a seed pellet. (3)
periodic block42100 [affectation de régénération (n.f.)]
The part(s) of forest allocated for regeneration (the regeneration block) or other treatment during a specified period. (3)
pest42200 [ravageur (n.m.)]
Any organism, whether insect, pathogen, mammal, or competing vegetation, capable of causing damage to a forest crop.
pesticide42300 [pesticide (n.m.)]
Any preparation used to control populations of injurious organisms, plant or animal. (3)
phenology42400 [phénologie (n.f.)]
The study of timing of periodic phenomena, such as flowering, growth initiation, growth cessation, etc., especially as related to seasonal changes in temperature, photoperiod, etc. (11)
phenotype42500 [phénotype (n.m.)]
An organism as observed, i.e., as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Identical phenotypes do not necessarily breed alike. (3)
piling42600 [mise en andain (n.f.)]
Slash disposal whereby coarse woody debris are gathered into windrows or isolated piles. (21)
piling and burning42700 [empilage-brûlage des rémanents (n.m.)]
Piling slash after lopping, and subsequently burning the individual piles. (3)
pioneer species42800 [essences transitoires (n.f.)]
A species adapted to early stages of natural forest succession or growth on newly available sites.
pit planting42900 [plantation sur trous (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees in small depressions, natural or excavated, with a view to collecting and conserving moisture. (3)
plantation43000 [arracheuse (n.f.)]
A forest crop established by artificial, either by sowing or planting. (5)
In British Columbia, a lodgepole pine stand naturally regenerated after drag scarification is called a plantation. Also, a stand that was regenerated naturally after a fire and then spaced and managed may be referred to as a plantation.
In British Columbia, a lodgepole pine stand naturally regenerated after drag scarification is called a plantation. Also, a stand that was regenerated naturally after a fire and then spaced and managed may be referred to as a plantation.
plantation forest43100 [arracheuse (n.f.)]
see planting
plantation forestry43200 [pourcentage de réussite des semis (n.f.)]
Application of forestry principles to an artificial crop or stand.
planting43300 [caissette (n.f.)]
Establishing a forest by setting out seedlings, transplants, or cuttings in an area. (4)
planting auger43400 [plantation (n.f.)]
A motorized auger used to create planting holes.
planting bar43500 [plantation forestière (n.f.)]
A long-handled, tapered spade used to make narrow, deep holes for young plants of tap-rooted tree species. (3)
planting gun43600 [foresterie de plantation (n.m.)]
Special devices of varying complexity which make holes by compression and either set or shoot a containerized seedling into the soil. (10)
planting machine43700 [plantation (n.f.)]
Specially designed machine that cuts a narrow trench through the soil in which seedling roots are inserted and then held in place by closing of the trench. (3)
planting out43800 [tarière (n.f.)]
see planting
planting spot43900 [bêche à planter (n.m.)]
The exact spot where a young tree has been set out. (3)
planting stock44000 [plantoir à pistolet (n.m.)]
seedlings, transplants, cuttings, and occasionally wildlings, for use in planting. (3)
plant lifter44100 [planteuse (n.f.)]
see plant lifting machine
plant lifting machine44200 [plantation sur le terrain (n.f.)]
A specially designed machine that loosens and removes plants from the ground.
plant percentage44300 [emplacement (n.m.)]
The percentage by number of seeds in a given sample that develop into seedlings at the end of a given period, generally the end of the first growing season. (3)
plant tray44400 [matériel de reproduction (n.f.)]
A flat, box-type container in which plants are raised. (3)
ploughing44500 [labourage (n.m.)]
Operation designed to loosen compacted soils and/or to pull the roots of unwanted plants out of the ground by means of single- or double-moldboard ploughs or special shaping devices pulled by a tractor, bulldozer, or similar equipment. (21)
plug seedling44600 [semis fiche (n.m.)]
see seedling
plug transplant44700 [plant fiche (n.m.)]
A small container seedling which is to be planted and raised as a bare-root seedling.
plus stand44800 [peuplement plus (n.m.)]
A stand containing a preponderance of good phenotypes, but not necessarily plus trees. (3)
plus tree44900 [arbre plus (n.m.)]
A phenotype judged (but not proved by testing) to be unusually superior in some quality or qualities, e.g., exceptional growth rate relative to site, desirable growth habit, high wood quality, exceptional apparent resistance to disease and insect attack or to other adverse local factors. (3)
poison girdling45000 [annélation avec phytocide (n.f.)]
see girdling
pole45100 [perche (n.f.)]
A tree between a sapling and small sawtimber size. Size varies by region, e.g., for boreal and eastern forests 12-20 cm dbh. (1)
pole stage45200 [stade de perchis (n.m.)]
see stand development
pollard45300 [têtard (n.m.)]
see pollarding
pollarding45400 [taillis sur têtards (n.m.)]
Cutting back, in more or less systematic fashion, the crown of a tree to produce a close head of shoots (a pollard) beyond the reach of browsing animals, either for commercial purposes (e.g., fuel, withes for willow and poplar basketwork) or for amenity. (3)
pollard system45500 [émondage (n.m.)]
The systematic harvest cutting of pollard shoots, with due provision for replacing exhausted or defective pollards. (3)
polyculture45600 [polyculture (n.f.)]
The simultaneous cultivation of a number of crops as opposed to stands composed of a single species. (15)
pot planting45700 [plantation en pot (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees in pot-shaped receptacles having a closed or only perforated end and made of various materials, in which they have been raised from seed or to which they have been transferred from the seed bed; a type of container planting. (3)
prechilling45800 [stratification froide (n.f.)]
see stratification
precommercial thinning45900 [éclaircie précommerciale (n.f.)]
see thinning: precommercial
predominant46000 [prédominant (n.m.)]
A tree whose crown has grown above the general level of the upper canopy. (3)
pregermination46100 [germination physiologique (n.f.)]
The germination of seed, generally to the stage when the radicle is just emerging, before sowing in the field or nursery. (3)
preparatory cutting46200 [coupe préparatoire (n.f.)]
Removing trees near the end of a rotation so as to permanently open the canopy and enlarge the crowns of seed bearers, with a view to improving conditions for seed production and natural regeneration, as typically in shelterwood systems. (3)
prescribed burning46300 [brûlage dirigé (n.m.)]
The knowledgeable application of fire to a specific land area to accomplish predetermined forest management or other land use objectives. (6)
pricking out46400 [repiquage (n.m.)]
Transplanting seedlings that are too small to be handled by conventional lining-out methods, individually into boxes, flats, containers, etc., or into nursery beds. (3)
principal crop46500 [peuplement principal (n.m.)]
see main crop
principal species46600 [essences principales (n.f.)]
The species to which the silviculture of a mixed forest is primarily directed, either for its (or their) economic or protective value. (3)
production nursery46700 [pépinière de production (n.f.)]
see nursery
productive capacity46800 [capacité productive (n.f.)]
see site capability
productivity46900 [productivité (n.f.)]
The rate of production of wood of given specifications, by volume or weight, for a given area. (5)
cf. site capability
cf. site capability
progeny47000 [descendance (n.f.)]
The offspring of a particular tree or a combination of one female and one male tree. (11)
progeny test47100 [test de descendance (n.m.)]
A test in which the genetic constitution of an individual is evaluated from the performance of its progeny produced by some specific mating system. (3)
progeny trial47200 [test de descendance (n.m.)]
see progeny test
progressive clear-strip system47300 [mode de régénération par coupes rases en bandes contiguës (n.m.)]
A shelterwood system with clearcutting in strips that are generally not wider than the height of the adjoining trees and are generally laid out against the prevailing wind; regeneration is mainly natural, though sometimes supplemented artificially; the crop is young, even-aged. (3)
provenance47400 [provenance (n.f.)]
1. The geographical area and environment to which the parent trees, etc., are native and within which their genetic constitution has been developed through natural selection. (3)
2. The geographical source, i.e., place of origin, of a given lot of seed, propagules, or pollen. (3)
2. The geographical source, i.e., place of origin, of a given lot of seed, propagules, or pollen. (3)
provenance test47500 [test de provenance (n.m.)]
An experiment, usually replicated, comparing trees grown from seed or cuttings collected from many parts of a species, natural range. (11)
pruning47600 [élagage (n.m.)]
1. The removal of live branches from standing trees, termed green pruning; or of dead branches, dry pruning.
2. Removal of live or dead branches from ground level to as high as a person's reach (2.0-2.5 m) in a young stand, known as brashing; above a person's reach (e.g., with a ladder), high pruning. If only crop trees are high pruned, the operation is selective high pruning. Pruning or lopping that increases the clearance under a tree is sometimes termed lifting the canopy.
2. Removal of live or dead branches from ground level to as high as a person's reach (2.0-2.5 m) in a young stand, known as brashing; above a person's reach (e.g., with a ladder), high pruning. If only crop trees are high pruned, the operation is selective high pruning. Pruning or lopping that increases the clearance under a tree is sometimes termed lifting the canopy.
pruning saw47700 [scie à élaguer (n.f.)]
A saw specially designed to prune standing trees.
pure live seed47800 [graine pure vivante (n.f.)]
see germinative capacity
pure stand47900 [pur (adj.)]
A stand in which at least 80% of the trees in the main crown canopy are of a single species. (1)
The threshold in Manitoba and New Brunswick is 75%.
cf. mixed stand
The threshold in Manitoba and New Brunswick is 75%.
cf. mixed stand
quadrat48000 [quadrat (n.m.)]
A small, clearly demarcated sample area of known size on which observations are made. (8)
quincunx planting48100 [plantation en quinconces (n.f.)]
Setting out four young trees to form the corners of a square with a fifth tree at its center. (3)
race48200 [race (n.f.)]
A population that exists within a species and exhibits genetic characteristics distinct from those of the other populations. It is usually an interbreeding unit. When the distinguishing characteristics are adaptive, the term is synonymous with ecotype. (25)
raking48300 [râtelage (n.m.)]
Site preparation technique using a bulldozer or similar equipment with a blade having teeth instead of a plain edge, for pushing large, coarse woody debris and rocks off a site and leaving smaller stones, soil, small finer slash, and woody debris in place. (21)
In Nova Scotia, raking corresponds to windrowing.
In Nova Scotia, raking corresponds to windrowing.
ramicorns48400 [ramicorne (n.f.)]
Abnormally large branches that project at sharp acute angles from the bole and are persistent (often associated with previous weevil attack). (10)
recruitment48500 [recrutement (n.m.)]
The plants involved in supplementation of a stand; trees that have entered a particular category during a given period, especially stems that have grown to a specified diameter. (3)
refill planting48600 [regarnissage (n.m.)]
see fill planting
reforestation48700 [reboisement (n.m.)]
syn. reafforestation
Successful renewal of a forest crop by planting or direct seeding.
Successful renewal of a forest crop by planting or direct seeding.
regeneration48800 [régénération (n.f.)]
Renewal of a forest crop by natural, artificial, or vegetative (regrowth) means. Also the new crop so obtained. The new crop is generally less than 1.3 m high. (5)
regeneration area48900 [quartier de régénération (n.m.)]
The area selected, normally in a working plan or working scheme, for regeneration generally with a specified period of time in view. (3)
regeneration block49000 [affectation de régénération (n.f.)]
see periodic block
regeneration class49100 [classe de régénération (n.f.)]
The area, and the young trees in the area, being managed during the regeneration interval in the shelterwood silvicultural system. In this interval, old and young trees occupy the same area, the young being protected by the old. (5)
regeneration cut49200 [coupe de régénération (n.f.)]
Any removal of trees intended to assist regeneration already present or to make regeneration possible. (3)
regeneration initiation49300 [début de la régénération (n.m.)]
The year in which the new crop is deemed to be started at an acceptable stocking level, whether by planting, natural or artificial seeding, or by vegetative means. (5)
regeneration interval49400 [durée de régénération (n.f.)]
The period between the seed cutting and the final cutting on a particular area under one of the shelterwood systems. (3)
regeneration period49500 [période de régénération (n.f.)]
The time between the initial regeneration cut and the successful reestablishment of a stand by natural or artificial means. (1)
regeneration survey49600 [relevé de la régénération (n.m.)]
An inventory of the quantity and quality of regeneration over a given area.
regrowth49700 [recrû (n.f.)]
A term used in reference to coppice, as well as recovery of vegetation from treatment designed to impede or control its growth.
regular uneven-aged structure (balanced)49800 [structure inéquienne régulière (n.f.)]
A stand in which three or more distinct age classes occupy approximately equal areas and provide a balanced distribution of diameter classes. (1)
cf. irregular uneven-aged structure
cf. irregular uneven-aged structure
reinforcement planting49900 [regarnissage (n.m.)]
see fill planting
relative thinning intensity50000 [intensité relative dXXXéclaircie (n.f.)]
The periodic (annual) yield of a stand from thinnings, expressed as a percentage of its periodic annual increment. (3)
release50100 [dégagement (n.m.)]
Freeing a tree or group of trees from more immediate competition by cutting or otherwise eliminating growth that is overtopping or closely surrounding them. (1)
repair planting50200 [regarni (n.m.)]
see fill planting
replacement planting50300 [regarni (n.m.)]
see fill planting
reproduction50400 [régénération naturelle (n.f.)]
see regeneration
reproduction period50500 [période de reproduction (n.f.)]
The process by which new individuals are produced from parent trees, by either sexual or asexual (vegetative) means
reserve50600 [réserve (n.f.)]
Any tree or group of trees left unfelled in a stand that is being regenerated, and kept for part or whole of the next rotation. (3)
cf. high-forest-with-reserves system
cf. high-forest-with-reserves system
reserve cutting50700 [coupe à blanc avec réserves (n.f.)]
see seed-tree method
reserved tree50800 [arbre marqué en réserve (n.m.)]
see reserve
restocking50900 [reboisement (n.m.)]
Renewal by self-sown seed or by vegetative means, or through sowing or planting, that results in a desired number of seedlings for the area concerned. (3)
ridge planting51000 [plantation sur bourrelet (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees on a long, narrow crest of excavated soil, generally on a slice thrown up by a plough. (3)
ring-barking51100 [annélation partielle (n.f.)]
Removing a narrow strip of bark (only), all around (1) a living stem, in order to stimulate flowering or to girdle it; or (2) a felled stem or a log, for under-bark diameter measurement. (3)
ring stripping51200 [annélation partielle (n.f.)]
see band girdling
ripper51300 [défonceuse (n.f.)]
A toothed blade or set of heavy tines mounted at the front or rear of a vehicle for breaking up soft rock and hard ground, and tearing out stumps and boulders. Also a vehicle so equipped. (3)
ripper plough51400 [charrue défonceuse (n.f.)]
A V-shaped plough mounted with a ripper blade used for scarification on frozen soil.
ripping51500 [ripage (n.m.)]
The mechanical penetration and shearing of range soils to depths of 3-7 cm for the purpose of breaking hardpan layers to facilitate penetration of plant roots, water, organic matter, and nutrients. (19)
rock blade51600 [lame de râteau (n.f.)]
see brush blade
roguing51700 [élimination (n.f.)]
Systematic removal of individuals not desired for the perpetuation of a population, e.g., from a seed orchard or a nursery. (3)
root pruning51800 [élagage des racines (n.m.)]
The act of reducing one or more roots considered to be superfluous, usually at some stage before outplanting, in order to improve the shape and size of a root system and/or induce root proliferation by increasing the number of third- and higher-order roots within the root system when lifted. (23)
root puddling51900 [pralinage des racines (n.m.)]
The act or treatment of immersing, sometimes several times in close succession, the root systems of bare-root planting stock in a clay slurry with the aim of improving outplant performance. (23)
root rake52000 [râteau (n.m.)]
An implement, either mounted on the front of a dozer, skidder or forwarder, or trailed, having tines for collecting stumps and slash. (3)
root raking52100 [râtelage (n.m.)]
see raking
rootstock52200 [dépouillement des racines (n.m.)]
The root-bearing plant or plant part, usually stem or root, onto which another plant is grafted. (25)
cf. budding, graft, scion
cf. budding, graft, scion
root stripping52300 [drageon racinaire (n.m.)]
1. The accidental removal of roots during lifting, handling, and planting, especially when caused by improper practices.
2. The removal of bark from roots. (23)
2. The removal of bark from roots. (23)
root sucker52400 [taille des racines (n.m.)]
see sucker
root-to-shoot ratio52500 [motte racinaire (n.m.)]
The total mass or volume of the plant root system divided by the total mass or volume of the shoot system, usually on an oven-dry basis. (23)
root trimming52600 [rapport système racinaire/système foliacé (n.f.)]
The trimming of roots by a cutting tool after lifting and prior to outplanting. (23)
root wad52700 [soulevage des plants (n.f.)]
The mass of roots, soil and rocks that remains intact when a tree, shrub, or stump is uprooted. (13)
rootwood52800 [porte-greffe (none)]
The secondary xylem of roots. (23)
root-wrenching 52900 [bois de racine (n.m.)]
A nursery operation to condition nursery stock by loosening the contact between soil and roots of seedlings in a nursery bed. (23)
rotary tiller 53000 [laboureur à lames rotatives (n.m.)]
A site preparation machine using hammers, teeth, tines, or flails mounted on a horizontal drum or horizontal or vertical shaft revolving at high speed. (23)
rotation53100 [révolution (n.f.)]
The planned number of years between the formation or regeneration of a crop or stand and its final cutting at a specified stage or maturity. (1)
rotation burning53200 [brûlage cyclique (n.m.)]
Prescribed burning applied at regular intervals on a specific site as a means of pest control.
row thinning53300 [éclaircie en ligne (n.f.)]
see thinning: row
saddle planting53400 [plantation sur ensellement (n.f.)]
see hole planting
salvage cutting53500 [coupe de récupération (n.f.)]
The exploitation of trees that are dead, dying, or deteriorating (e.g., because overmature or materially damaged by fire, wind, insects, fungi, or other injurious agencies) before their timber becomes economically worthless. (1)
sanitation cutting53600 [coupe dXXXassainissement (n.f.)]
The removal of dead, damaged, or susceptible trees, essentially to prevent the spread of pests or pathogens and so promote forest hygiene. (1)
sanitation measures53700 [mesures sanitaires (n.f.)]
The removal of dead, damaged, or susceptible trees or their parts, or of vegetation that serves as an alternative host for crop-tree pathogens, to prevent or control the spread of pests or pathogens. (5)
sapling53800 [gaule (n.f.)]
A general term for a young tree no longer a seedling but not yet a pole, about 1-2 m high and 2-4 cm in dbh, typically growing vigorously and without dead bark or more than an occasional dead branch. Also, a young tree having a diameter at breast height greater than 1 cm but less than the smallest merchantable diameter. (3)
satellite nursery53900 [pépinière volante (n.f.)]
see field nursery
satisfactorily stocked54000 [de densité relative satisfaisante (n.f.)]
see stocking: satisfactorily stocked
sawtimber54100 [bois de sciage (n.m.)]
Trees that will yield logs suitable in size and quality for the production of lumber. (5)
scalping54200 [dégazonnement (n.m.)]
Paring off low and surface vegetation, with most of its roots, to expose a weed-free soil surface, generally preparatory to sowing or planting thereon. If done by chemicals, termed chemical screefing. (3)
scarification54300 [scarifiage (n.m.), scarification (n.f.)]
1. [scarifiage (n.m)] Loosening the topsoil of open areas or breaking up the forest floor to assist the germination of natural seed from either standing trees or slash or to promote the occurrence of coppice or sucker growth.
2. [scarification (n.f.)] A chemical treatment applied to seed to enhance germination.
scion54400 [greffon (n.m.)]
An aerial plant part, often a branchlet, that is grafted onto another root-bearing plant (stock, rootstock). (25)
screefing54500 [dégazonnement (n.m.)]
see scalping
scribe54600 [rainette (n.f.)]
A tool for marking trees or round timber by scoring the outer surface. (3)
scrub54700 [broussailles (n.f.)]
see brush
scrub control54800 [essartage (n.f.)]
see brushing
second growth54900 [seconde venue, de (n.f.)]
The forest growth that has developed (naturally or artificially) following the removal of the original forest.
secondary species55000 [essences secondaires (n.f.)]
A species of inferior quality and/or size, and of lesser silvicultural value, associated with the principal species. (3)
cf. accessory species
seed bank55100 [banque de semences (n.f.)]
A place in which seeds of rare plant or obsolete varieties are stored, usually vacuum-packed and under cold conditions, to prolong their viability. (14)
seed bearer 55200 [semencier (none), porte-graines (n.m.)]
1. Any tree producing seed.
2. Any tree retained to provide seed for natural regeneration, e.g., during seed cuttings. (3)
seed collection area55300 [zone de récolte de semences (n.f.)]
A forest stand that exhibits good characteristics of growth, form, and vigor and that is not managed for cone production, but from which seed is collected, usually at the time of harvest. (3)
seed cutting55400 [coupe dXXXensemencement (n.f.)]
Removing trees in a mature stand so as to effect permanent opening of its canopy (if there was no preparatory cutting to do this) and so provide conditions for securing regeneration from the seed of trees retained for that purpose; the first of the shelterwood cuttings under a shelterwood system. (3)
seed orchard55500 [verger à graines (n.m.)]
A plantation of trees, assumed or proven genetically to be superior, that has been isolated so as to reduce pollination from genetically inferior outside sources, and intensively managed to improve the genotype and produce frequent, abundant, and easily harvestable seed crops. A clonal seed orchard is established by setting out clones as grafts or cuttings; a seedling seed orchard is established from selected seedling progenies. (3)
seed origin55600 [origine des semences (n.f.)]
see provenance
seed pellet55700 [semence enrobée (n.f.)]
see pelleting
seed production area55800 [peuplement producteur de graines (n.m.)]
A forest stand identified as a good source of seed and in which individual trees are evaluated for desired characteristics. Unwanted trees and competing trees are removed to promote cone production. seed is collected periodically from standing trees or by felling sections as required.
seed source55900 [origine des graines (n.f.)]
The locality where a seed lot was collected usually defined on an eco-geographic basis by distance, elevation, precipitation, latitude, etc. If the stand from which collections were made was exotic, the place where its seed originated is the original seed source.
cf. provenance
seed spot56000 [placeau (n.m.)]
syn. seedspot
A prepared, limited space, e.g., a small, cultivated patch, within which (tree) seeds are sown. (3)
seed stand56100 [peuplement producteur de graines (n.m.)]
Any stand used as a source of seed. (3)
seed trap56200 [piège à semences (n.m.)]
A device for catching the seeds falling on a small area of ground, from trees or shrubs. Used for determining the amount of seedfall and the time, period, rate, and distance of dissemination. (3)
seed tree56300 [semencier (n.m.)]
A tree selected, and often reserved, for seed collection or provision of seed for natural regeneration. (1)
seed year56400 [année semencière (n.f.)]
The year in which a tree species produces, either as an individual or a crop, an adequate amount of seed; applies to any species but particularly to those with irregular or infrequent seed production. Many periodic seeders produce heavy (bumper) seed crops during their seed years. (3)
seed-tree method56500 [mode de régénération avec réserve de semenciers (n.m.)]
A method of regenerating a forest stand in which all trees are removed from the area except for a small number of seed-bearing trees that are left singly or in small groups. If these are retained for increment as well as seed, termed a reserve cutting. The objective is to create an even-aged stand. (1)
seed-tree removal56600 [coupe des semenciers (n.f.)]
see final cutting
seed-tree system56700 [mode de régénération par coupe rase avec semencier (n.m.)]
see seed-tree method
seedbed56800 [lit de germination (n.m.)]
1. In natural regeneration, the soil or forest floor on which seed falls. (3)
2. In nursery practice, and also in the field, a prepared area over which seed is sown. (3)
seeding56900 [ensemencement (n.m.)]
aerial [ensemencement aérien]: Broadcast seeding of seeds or seed pellets from aircraft. (3)
broadcast [ensemencement ænbsp; la volée]: The sowing of seeds more or less evenly over a whole area on which a forest stand is to be raised. (5)
direct [ensemencement direct]: The artificial systematic sowing of seeds by manual or mechanical means in an area on which a forest stand is to be raised. (5)
drill [ensemencement en ligne]: The sowing of seeds in shallow furrows across a whole area on which a forest stand is to be raised. A practice more common in nurseries. (5)
natural [ensemencement naturel]: The dispersal by natural agents of seeds from standing trees in proximity to a regenerating area or from slash scattered over that area. seeds may be dispersed by wind, birds, mammals, gravity, or flowing water or be released by fire from serotinous cones.
row [ensemencement en rangée]: The sowing of seed in deep furrows simultaneously with disc trenching for site preparation.
sheltered spot [ensemencement sous-abri]: The sowing of seeds under small conical shelters of translucent or opaque, bio- or photo-degradable material as a means of stabilizing the microsite and improving germination.
spot [ensemencement sur placeaux]: The sowing of seeds within small, cultivated, or otherwise-prepared patches, many of which are distributed over a whole area on which a forest stand is to be raised. (5)
seeding felling57000 [coupe dXXXensemencement (n.f.)]
see seed cutting
seeding lath57100 [planche semoir (n.f.)]
A device, commonly of wood, for obtaining uniformly spaced drills in a seedbed and aiding the even distribution of hand-sown seed in them. (3)
seedling57200 [semis (n.m.)]
A young tree, grown from seed, from the time of germination to the sapling stage, having a diameter at breast height of no more than 1 cm and a height of no more than 1.5 m.
bare-root [semis ænbsp; racines nues]: A seedling to be planted with its roots bare of soil. (1)
container [semis en récipient]: A seedling grown in a container and that is to be planted with roots still in its growth medium. (1)
plug [semis en douille]: A seedling lifted from its container with roots and rooting medium left undisturbed. (1)
seedling forest57300 [futaie (n.f.)]
see high forest
selection57400 [sélection (n.f.)]
Choosing individuals with desired qualities to serve as parents for the next generation. (12)
selection cutting57500 [coupe de jardinage (n.f.)]
Annual or periodic cutting of trees chosen individually or by groups, in an uneven-aged stand, in order to recover the yield and develop a balanced uneven-aged stand structure, while providing the cultural measures required for tree growth and seedling establishment. The cuts are usually a mix of regeneration cuts and improvement cuts.
Selection cutting is not the same as selective cutting.
selection differential57600 [différentiel de sélection (n.m.)]
The average phenotypic value of the selected individuals, expressed as a deviation from the population mean. (12)
selection forest57700 [forêt jardinée (n.f.)]
Forest treated and managed under the selection system. (3)
selection method57800 [jardinage (n.m.)]
A method of regenerating a forest stand and maintaining an uneven-aged structure by removing some trees in all size classes either singly or in small groups or strips. (1)
selection thinning57900 [éclaircie jardinatoire (n.f.)]
see thinning: selection
selective cutting58000 [coupe dXXXécrémage (n.f.)]
see high grading
selective harvesting58100 [récolte dXXXécrémage (n.f.)]
see high grading
selective logging58200 [récolte dXXXécrémage (n.f.)]
see high grading
self-pruning58300 [élagage naturel (n.m.)]
The inherent ability of a tree species to shed dead branches at their junction with the live stem.
self-thinning58400 [éclaircie naturelle (n.f.)]
Tree mortality from the effect of the competition arising between trees on the same site.
seral58500 [sérial (n.m.)]
see succession
serotinous58600 [sérotinal (adj.)]
Coming late; particularly applied to plant species or individuals with cones that remain on the tree without opening for one or more years (e.g., Pinus contorta and Pinus banksiana).
severance felling58700 [coupe de préparation de lisière (n.f.)]
A cleared strip cut through a stand so as to develop a wind-firm edge before making any fellings. (3)
shade tolerance 58800 [tolérance (n.f.)]
The relative capacity of a species to become established and persist under a canopy. (1)
shark-fin barrel 58900 [rouleau nageoire-de-requin (n.m.)]
A mechanical site preparation device consisting of pairs of metal barrels on which are welded steel fins along opposing spiral lines; this conformation causes circular motion and lateral scalping when the barrels are pulled over land to be planted or seeded.
shearing59000 [traitement à la cisaille (n.m.)]
1. A method of harvest using mechanical shears.
2. The shaping of a tree crown, particularly with respect to Christmas trees or ornamentals, by removing part of the leader and/or the ends of live branches to comply with a desired crown form.
3. A method of site preparation in which all standing material is removed at ground level using a shear blade attached to a large tractor. (1)
Known in Manitoba, Ontario and British Columbia as shear blading.
shelterbelt59100 [rideau-abri (n.m.)]
A strip of living trees and/or shrubs maintained mainly to provide shelter for open land from wind, desiccation, snow-drift, etc. (3)
shelterwood59200 [abri (n.m.)]
see shelterwood cutting
shelterwood compartment system59300 [mode de régénération par coupes progessives uniformes (n.m.)]
see shelterwood cutting: uniform shelterwood system
shelterwood cutting59400 [coupe progressive (n.f.)]
Any regeneration cutting in a more or less regular and mature crop, designed to establish a new crop under the protection (overhead or side) of the old, or where the resultant crop will be more or less regular. (3)
irregular shelterwood system [mode de régénération par coupes progressives irrégulières]: Harvest cutting in which opening of the canopy is irregular and gradual; generally in groups, with the final cutting often in strips; regeneration is natural; regeneration interval is long, often up to half the rotation, and the resultant crop considerably uneven-aged and irregular. (3)
strip shelterwood system [mode de régénération par coupes progressives par bandes]: A shelterwood system in which regeneration cuttings are carried out on fairly wide strips, generally against the prevailing wind, and progress rapidly; regeneration is mainly natural, regeneration interval short, and the resultant crop fairly even-aged and regular. (3)
uniform shelterwood system [mode de régénération par coupes progressives uniformes]: A shelterwood system in which the canopy is opened fairly evenly throughout the regeneration area; regeneration is mainly natural, though it may be supplemented artificially; regeneration interval is fairly short and the resultant crop more or less even-aged and regular. (3)
shoot pruning59500 [élagage des rejets (n.m.)]
Cutting away undesirable shoots to favor survival and growth of selected shoots.
shrub59600 [arbrisseau (n.m.)]
A perennial plant differing from a perennial herb in its persistent and woody stem(s), and less definitely from a tree in its lower stature and the general absence of a well-defined main stem. (3)
side cutting59700 [élagage des racines latérales (n.m.)]
see box pruning
side-hole planting59800 [plantation en côté de potet (n.f.)]
see hole planting
silvics59900 [écologie forestière (n.f.)]
The study of the life history and general characteristics of forest trees and stands, with particular reference to locality factors as a basis of silviculture. (1)
silvicultural decision model60000 [modèle de décision (n.m.)]
A computer model or system that permits the simulation and possibly prediction of the interaction of such factors as site class, access, managed-stand volume, and logging costs to assist in decisionmaking regarding silvicultural practices in individual stands.
silvicultural efficacity 60100 [efficacité sylvicole (n.f.)]
The capacity of a herbicide indirectly to promote positive growth responses in crop trees. (27)
silvicultural regime60200 [traitement sylvicole (n.m.)]
A series of stand tending (thinning, pruning, etc.) treatments applied after regeneration to achieve a specific stand management objective.
silvicultural rotation60300 [âge dXXXexploitabilité naturelle (n.m.)]
The rotation through which a species maintains satisfactory growth and reproduction on a given site. (3)
silvicultural system60400 [régime sylvicole (n.m.)]
A process that applies silvicultural practices, including tending (thinning, pruning, etc.), harvesting, and replacement, to a stand in order to produce a crop of timber and other forest products. Note: the system is named by the cutting method with which the regeneration is established. (1)
silviculture60500 [sylviculture (n.f.)]
The theory and practice of controlling the establishment, composition, growth, and quality of forest stands to achieve the objectives of management. (3)
silvipasture60600 [système sylvopastorale (n.m.)]
An agroforestry system where trees and livestock are produced together. (28)
simple coppice system60700 [traitement en taillis simple (n.m.)]
A coppice system in which the crop is clearcut and regenerated by stool shoots, stump sprouts, or root suckers, giving even-aged stands; rotation is relatively short. (3)
single-moldboard plough60800 [charrue à versoir simple (n.f.)]
A plough with one moldboard, generally right-hand, turning the whole furrow slice to one side of the furrow. (3)
single-tree selection method60900 [jardinage par arbre (n.m.)]
A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which individual trees of any size are removed more or less uniformly throughout the stand. (1)
site61000 [station (n.f.)]
A land area based on its climatic, physiographic, edaphic, and biotic factors that determine its suitability and productivity for particular species and silvicultural alternatives. (1)
site amelioration61100 [amélioration de la station (n.f.)]
The mean annual increment in merchantable volume which can be expected for a forest area, assuming it is fully stocked by one or more species best adapted to the site, at or near rotation age. (5)
Expressed in cubic metres per hectare per year.
Expressed in cubic metres per hectare per year.
cf. productivity
site class61200 [classe de station (n.f.)]
Any interval into which the site index range is divided for purposes of classification and use. (5)
site classification61300 [classification de la station (n.f.)]
Application of analytical techniques based on macroclimate, soil, land form, and vegetation, to predict yield.
site factor61400 [facteur de station (n.m.)]
An ecological term referring to a physical or biological parameter used to describe and distinguish sites.
site improvement61500 [amélioration de la station (n.m.)]
Modifications to a given site in order to improve growing conditions for a specific species or mixture of species. (10)
site index61600 [indice de station (n.m.)]
An expression of forest site quality based on the height, at a specified age, of dominant and codominant trees in a stand. (5)
May be grouped into site classes. Expressed in metres. Usually refers to a particular species.
May be grouped into site classes. Expressed in metres. Usually refers to a particular species.
site preparation61700 [préparation de terrain (n.f.)]
A mechanical, fire, chemical, or hand treatment that modifies the site to provide favorable conditions for natural or artificial regeneration. (1)
In Manitoba and Saskatchewan, treatment to promote natural regeneration is termed scarification.
site quality61800 [qualité de station (n.f.)]
The productive capacity of a site; usually expressed as volume production of a given species per unit area (cubic metres per hectare) or per unit of time (cubic metres per year). (1)
size classes61900 [classe de dimension (n.f.)]
Ranges in tree sizes representing stages in the development of a tree or stand. (1)
slash62000 [rémanent(s) (n.m.)]
The residue left on the ground after felling and tending and/or accumulating there as a result of storm, fire, girdling, or treatment with herbicide. It includes unutilized logs, uprooted stumps, broken or uprooted stems and the heavier branchwood (heavy slash), lighter tops and branchwood, twigs, leaves, bark, and chips (light slash). (3)
slash chopper62100 [broyeuse de rémanents (n.f.)]
see brush chopper
slash disposal62200 [traitement des rémanents (n.m.), élimination des rémanents (n.f.)]
The treatment or handling of slash, particularly so as to reduce fire or insect hazard. (3)
slash removal62300 [enlèvement des rémanents (n.m.)]
see slash disposal
slashing62400 [débroussaillement (n.m.)]
A form of cleaning. (3)
sleeve planting62500 [plantation en tube (n.f.)]
see tube planting
slit planting62600 [plantation en fente (n.f.)]
Prying open a cut made by a spade, mattock, or planting bar (termed bar planting), inserting a young tree, then closing the cut on the latter by pressure.
Note: Making standing T-shaped cuts, generally with a special tool, is sometimes termed T-notching. (3)
snag62700 [chicot (n.m.)]
A standing dead tree from which the leaves and most of the branches have fallen. (3)
snagging62800 [arasement des chicots (n.m.)]
Removing or cutting away snags, on land or in water. (3)
soft snag62900 [chicot pourri (n.m.)]
A snag composed primarily of wood in advanced stages of decay and deterioration, particularly in the sapwood portion. (13)
softwood(s)63000 [résineux (n.m.)]
1. Cone-bearing or aril-bearing trees with needle or scale-like leaves belonging to the botanical group Gymnospermae. Also, stands of such trees and the wood produced by them. (5)
2. A forest type in which 76-100% of the canopy is softwood. (5)
soil scarification63100 [scarifiage (n.m.)]
see scarification
somatic embryogenesis 63200 [embryogenèse somatique (n.f.)]
A process by which clones are produced by cell growth from a seed embryo.
sowing63300 [ensemencement (n.m.)]
see seeding
sowing brick63400 [motte à semis (n.f.)]
A prepared, sometimes fertilized, block or ball of loam, peat, plastic foam, etc., into which one or more seeds are pressed, so that, on planting out, the emergent seedling can have a better start in an unfavorable environment. (3)
spacing63500 [espacement (n.m.)]
n: The distance between trees in a plantation, a thinned stand, or a natural stand.
v: see thinning: spacing
spot planting63600 [plantation sur placeaux (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees in small, prepared patches. (3)
spot scarifier63700 [scarificateur sur placeaux (n.m.)]
A scarification implement enabling site preparation on patches.
spot seeding63800 [ensemencement localisé (n.m.)]
see seed spot
spot weeding63900 [désherbage localisé (n.m.)]
Removing undesirable vegetation from patches.
spray gun64000 [pistolet vaporisateur (n.m.)]
see paint gun
spreader64100 [dispersant (n.m.)]
Any substance, solid or liquid, that, when added to a pesticide, herbicide, liquid fertilizer, or fire retardant, enables it to spread better over the surfaces on which it is deposited.
spring-tine cultivator64200 [cultivateur à dents souples (n.m.)]
An implement designed to loosen the soil surface by the action of spring-loaded retractible teeth.
sprout64300 [rejet de taillis (n.m.)]
Generally, any shoot arising from a plant. More particularly, a shoot arising from the base of a plant, from the stool (stool shoot) or from the root (sucker). (3)
spud64400 [bêche à planter (n.f.)]
see planting bar
stagnant64500 [stagnant (adj.)]
Describes condition of stands whose growth and development have all but ceased due to poor site and/or excessive stocking. (5)
stand64600 [peuplement (n.m.)]
A community of trees possessing sufficient uniformity in composition, age, arrangement, or condition to be distinguishable from the forest or other growth on adjoining areas, thus forming a silvicultural or management entity. (5)
stand age64700 [âge (du peuplement) (n.m.)]
see age
stand composition64800 [composition dXXXun peuplement (n.f.)]
see composition
stand condition 64900 [état dXXXun peuplement (n.m.)]
The descriptive measurement of a stand by the criteria of composition, health, age, size, volume, or spatial arrangement. (13)
stand density65000 [densité de peuplement (n.f.)]
A quantitative measurement of tree stocking, expressed in terms of number of trees, total basal area, or volume, per unit of area. More precisely, a measure of the degree of crowding of trees within a stand, commonly expressed by various growing-space ratios of crown length to tree height; crown diameter to dbh or crown diameter to tree height; or of stem spacing to tree height. (3)
Expressed on a per hectare basis.
cf. stocking
stand density index65100 [indice de densité de peuplement (n.m.)]
Any index for evaluating stand density such as those of Curtis, Mulloy, Reinecke. (5)
stand density management diagram65200 [diagramme dXXXaménagement de la densité de peuplement (n.m.)]
A two-dimensional graph showing the logarithmic relationship between declining mean stem frequency and increasing mean tree size, as mean stand diameter and dominant height increase in pure even-aged stands.
stand development65300 [développement dXXXun peuplement (n.m.)]
The growth of a stand through its various developmental stages - from seedling or coppice through thicket, sapling, and pole to the tree stage, i.e. to maturity, and finally to overmaturity. (3)
stand establishment65400 [établissement dXXXun peuplement (n.m.)]
see establishment
stand improvement65500 [amélioration dXXXun peuplement (n.f.)]
see timber stand improvement
stand model65600 [modèle de peuplement (n.m.)]
A mathematical model that forecasts the development of a forest stand, usually in terms of mean stand attributes, e.g., mean diameter, height.
stand table65700 [table de peuplement (n.f.)]
A summary table showing the number of trees per unit area by species and diameter classes, for a stand or type. The data may also be presented in the form of a frequency distribution of diameter classes. (5)
stand type65800 [type de peuplement (n.m.)]
see forest type
standard65900 [réserve (none)]
A tree selected to remain standing, after the rest of the stand has been felled over a younger or a new crop, for some special purpose, e.g., shelter, seeding, production of a special quality or size of timber. (3)
standing crop66000 [peuplement forestier (n.m.)]
see crop
stock table66100 [table de stock (n.f.)]
A summary table showing the volume of trees per unit area by species and diameter classes, for a stand or type. (5)
stocked quadrat66200 [parcelle régénérée (n.f.)]
In regeneration surveys, a quadrat having at least one live tree seedling or regrowth. The criteria for what constitutes a "stocked" area vary with species, site, country, etc.
stocking66300 [densité relative (n.f.)]
A qualitative expression of the adequacy of tree cover on an area, in terms of crown closure, number of trees, basal area, or volume, in relation to a preestablished norm. In this context, "tree cover" includes seedlings and saplings; hence, the concept carries no connotation of a particular age. Stocking may be described in regionally or locally developed classes, or as a percentage of regional or local normal standards, which vary according to site-specific conditions. (5)
cf. stand density
fully stocked [de densité relative adéquate]: Productive forest land stocked with trees of merchantable species. These trees by number and distribution or by average dbh, basal area, or volume are such that at rotation age they will produce a timber stand that occupies the potentially productive ground. They will provide a merchantable timber yield according to the potential of the land. The stocking, number of trees, and distribution required to achieve this will be determined from regional or local yield tables or by some other appropriate method. (5)
ideally stocked[de densité relative idéale]: see normally stocked
irregularly stocked[de densité relative irrégulière]: see partially stocked
nonstocked [densité relative nulle, de]: Productive forest land that lacks trees completely or that is so deficient in trees, either young or old, that at the end of one rotation, the residual stand of merchantable tree species, if any, will be insufficient to allow utilization in an economic operation. (5)
normally stocked [de densité relative normale]: Productive forest land covered with trees of merchantable species of any age. These trees, by number and distribution, or by average dbh, basal area, or volume, are such that at rotation age they will produce a timber stand of the maximum merchantable timber yield. This yield must satisfy the site potential of the land as reported by the best available regional or local yield tables. For stands of less than rotation age, a range of stocking classes both above and below normal may be predicted to approach and produce a normal stocking at rotation age and may, therefore, be included. This is because greater or lesser mortality rates will occur in over- or understocked stands as compared with those in a normal stand. (5)
NSR (not sufficiently or not satisfactorily restocked or regenerated) [insuffisamment régénéré]: Inadequate stocking. Productive forest land that has been denuded and has failed partially or completely to regenerate naturally or to be artificially regenerated.The regeneration must contain a minimum number of well-established, healthy trees that are free-from-noncrop-competition and sufficient to produce a merchantable timber stand at rotation age. (5)
optimally stocked[de densité relative optimale]: see normally stocked
overstocked [de densité relative excessive]: Productive forest land stocked with more trees of merchantable species than normal or full stocking would require. Growth is in some respect retarded and the full number of trees will not reach merchantable size by rotation age according to the regional or local yield or stock tables for the particular site and species. (5)
partially stocked [de densité relative partielle]: Productive forest land stocked with trees of merchantable species insufficient to utilize the complete potential of the land for growth such that they will not occupy the whole site by rotation age without additional stocking. Explicit definition in stems per hectare, crown closure, relative basal area, etc., is locally or regionally defined and is site-specific. (5)
satisfactorily stocked [de densité relative satisfaisante]: Productive forest land that has been regenerated naturally or artificially to at least a minimum number of well-established, healthy trees of merchantable species that are free-from-noncrop-competition and sufficient to produce a merchantable timber stand at rotation age.(5)
stocking control66400 [surveillance du matériel relatif (n.f.)]
The regulation and, more particularly, the limitation of seedling populations by natural, or direct or indirect artificial factors.
stocking density66500 [proportion de surface occupée (n.f.)]
A measure of the proportion of the area actually occupied by trees. (13)
stocking guide66600 [guide de stocking (n.m.)]
Reference level for the optimum proportion of an area actually occupied by trees, expressed in terms of stocked quadrats or percentage of canopy closure.
stool66700 [souche-mère (n.f.)]
1. Silviculture: A living stump capable of producing sprouts or shoots. (3)
2. Propagation: A living stump maintained to produce cuttings, layers, etc. (3)
stool shoot66800 [rejet de souche (n.f.)]
see sprout
storied high forest66900 [futaie pluriétagée (n.f.)]
A crop of trees in which the canopy can be differentiated into one or more layers, the dominant species in natural forest generally differing in each layer. (3)
story67000 [étage (n.m.)]
A horizontal stratum or layer in a plant community; in forests, appearing as one or more canopies. (3)
A forest having more than two stories is called multistoried. A forest having one story (the main story) is called single-storied. A forest having two stories (the overstory and the understory) is called two-storied.
stratification67100 [stratification (n.f.)]
The storage of seeds under defined conditions of environment (temperature, moisture, gas exchange, medium, etc.) for specified periods in order to overcome passive or active inhibition of germination. The term may also apply to physical or chemical treatment of seed designed to achieve the same end.
strip application67200 [traitement par bandes (n.m.)]
see band application
strip cropping67300 [plantation en lisières (n.f.)]
Crop planting in which strips of heavy-rooted plants are alternated with loose-rooted plants which serve as barriers to wind and water erosion. (15)
strip cutting67400 [coupe par bandes (n.f.)]
Removal of the crop in strips in more than one operations, generally for encouraging natural regeneration or protecting fragile sites. (2)
Considered to be a variation of clearcutting.
Considered to be a variation of clearcutting.
strip felling67500 [coupe par bandes (n.f.)]
see strip cutting
strip planting67600 [plantation en bandes (n.f.)]
Setting trees, generally in two or more parallel lines, in a long narrow area of land that has been wholly or partially cleared. (3)
strip shelterwood67700 [coupes progressives par bandes (n.f.)]
see shelterwood cutting
strip spraying67800 [pulvérisation en bandes (n.f.)]
see band application
strip thinning67900 [éclaircie en bandes (n.f.)]
see thinning: row
strip-and-group system68000 [mode de régénération par coupes progressives en placettes et bandes (n.m.)]
A modification of the shelterwood strip system in which, in addition to the normal uniform seed cutting, groups of advance growth are freed both in the strip and closely ahead of it, along with further group cuttings to initiate regeneration; regeneration is mainly natural; regeneration interval is relatively short and the resultant crop fairly even-aged and regular. (3)
structure68100 [structure (n.f.)]
The distribution of trees in a stand or group by age, size, or crown classes (e.g., all-aged, even-aged, uneven-aged, regular, and irregular structures). (1)
stub68200 [chicot de branche (n.m.)]
The broken or cut base of a branch projecting from a tree stem. (3)
stump blade68300 [lame dessoucheuse (n.f.)]
see brush blade
stump extraction68400 [dessouchage (n.m.)]
A general term for the process of pulling out stumps by force. (3)
Removal of stumps may be done to facilitate scarification or to prevent infection from diseased root systems.
stump sprout68500 [rejet de souche (n.m.)]
see sprout
stump treatment68600 [badigeonnage de souches (n.m.)]
Application of herbicides to or near hardwood stumps to prevent coppicing. (2)
Also, fungicides or paint can be applied to prevent fungal infection.
subdominant68700 [classe de cime subdominante (n.f.)]
see crown class: intermediate
subsidiary crop68800 [peuplement secondaire (n.m.)]
see secondary species
succession68900 [succession (n.f.)]
The gradual supplanting of one community of plants by another, the sequence of communities being termed a sere and each stage seral. (3)
sucker69000 [drageon (n.m.)]
A shoot or tree originating from adventitious buds on roots. (1)
suppressed tree69100 [élimination (n.f.)]
The process whereby certain trees, shrubs, etc., in a community become weakened, essentially through the competition of the neighbors but also by extension, through human intervention and selective browsing by livestock. (3)
suppression69200 [élimination (n.f.)]
The process whereby certain trees, shrubs, etc., in a community become weakened, essentially through the competition of the neighbors but also by extension, through human intervention and selective browsing by livestock. (3)
sustainable development69300 [développement durable (n.m.)]
Sustainable development in forestry expands the principle of sustained timber yield by including wildlife and fish habitats, watersheds and hydrological cycles, as well as gene pools and species diversity, to ensure that the use of forest today does not damage prospects for its use by future generations.
sustainable forestry69400 [foresterie durable (n.f.)]
Management of forested area in order to provide wood products in perpetuity, soil and watershed integrity, persistence of most native species and maintenance of highly sensitive species or suitable conditions for continued evolution of species.
sustained yield69500 [rendement soutenu (n.m.)]
The yield of defined forest products of specific quality and in projected quantity that a forest can provide continuously at a given intensity of management.
systematic thinning69600 [éclaircie systématique (n.f.)]
see thinning: mechanical
T-notching69700 [tolérance (n.f.)]
The ability of an organism or biological process to subsist under a given set of environmental conditions. The range of these under which it can subsist, representing its limits of tolerance, is termed its ecological amplitude. For trees, the tolerance of most practical importance is their ability to grow satisfactorily in the shade of and in competition with other trees. (3)
cf. shade tolerance
taungya plantation69800 [plantation en taungya (n.f.)]
The raising of a forest crop in conjunction with a temporary agricultural crop.
tending69900 [soins culturaux (n.m.)]
Generally, any operation carried out for the benefit of a forest crop or an individual thereof, at any stage of its life; covers operations both on the crop itself, e.g., thinnings and improvement cuttings, and on competing vegetation, e.g., weeding, cleaning, and girdling of unwanted growth, but not regeneration cuttings or site preparation. (3)
cf. intermediate treatments
tending felling70000 [coupe dXXXentretien (n.f.)]
An operation comprising cleanings and thinnings. (3)
thicket70100 [fourré (n.m.)]
A dense growth of small trees or bushes. (3)
thicket stage70200 [stade de fourré (n.m.)]
see stand development
thinning70300 [éclaircie (n.f.)]
A cutting made in an immature crop or stand primarily to accelerate diameter increment but also, by suitable selection, to improve the average form of the trees that remain. (3)
Defined in Nova Scotia as a spacing operation designed within commercial thinning to recover potential mortality and to improve growth, quality, and percentage of desirable trees.
Defined in Nova Scotia as a spacing operation designed within commercial thinning to recover potential mortality and to improve growth, quality, and percentage of desirable trees.
chemical thinning [éclaircie chimique]: Any thinning in which the unwanted trees are killed by treatment with herbicide. (3)
commercial thinning [éclaircie commercialisable]: A thinning in which harvested trees are removed from the site and used for commercial purposes. (1)
crown thinning [éclaircie par le haut]: The removal of trees from the dominant and codominant crown classes to favor the best trees of those same crown classes. (1)
Defined in Nova Scotia as the removal of trees from the dominant and codominant crown classes to promote the growth of desirable trees and species.
free thinning [éclaircie libre]: The removal of trees to control stand spacing and favor desired trees using a combination of thinning criteria without regard to crown position. (1)
low thinning [éclaircie par le bas]: The removal of trees from the lower crown classes to favor those in the upper crown classes. (1)
mechanical thinning [éclaircie systématique]: Thinning involving removal of trees in rows or strips, or by using fixed spacing intervals. (1)
precommercial thinning (PCT) [éclaircie précommerciale]: A thinning that does not yield trees of commercial value, usually designed to improve crop spacing. (1)
row thinning [éclaircie en rangée]: A thinning generally in plantations in which the trees are cut out in lines or narrow strips at fixed intervals throughout a stand. (5)
selection thinning [éclaircie jardinatoire]: The removal of trees in the dominant crown class in order to favor trees in the lower crown classes. (1)
selective thinning [éclaircie sélective]: A thinning in which trees are removed or retained on their individual merits. (16)
spacing [éclaircie par espacement]: A thinning in which trees at fixed intervals of distance are chosen for retention and all others are cut. (5)
thinning cycle70400 [cycle dXXXéclaircie (n.m.)]
The time interval between thinnings in the same stand. (1)
thinning frequency70500 [périodicité des éclaircies (n.f.)]
see thinning cycle
thinning from above70600 [éclaircie par le haut (n.f.)]
see thinning: crown
thinning from below70700 [éclaircie par le bas (n.f.)]
see thinning: low
thinning grade70800 [intensité dXXXéclaircie (n.f.)]
A measure of the combined effect of thinning weight and thinning frequency, in terms of the volume removed during any succession of thinnings, sometimes expressed as an average annual stand depletion by dividing their total thinning weight by the number of years they cover. (3)
thinning interval70900 [cycle dXXXéclaircies (n.m.)]
see thinning cycle
thinning out71000 [dépressage (n.m.)]
Removal of seedling or sapling in excess in a young stand in order to favor residual tree development.
thinning regime71100 [système dXXXéclaircie (n.m.)]
A term comprising the type, degree, and frequency of thinning for a given area, generally along with the year of commencement and sometimes termination. (3)
thinning schedule (table)71200 [règlement dXXXéclaircies (n.m.)]
see thinning regime
thinning series71300 [groupe dXXXéclaircies comparées (n.m.)]
Two or more adjacent forest plots that are thinned differently (e.g., to different thinning grades), essentially so as to compare the increment of individual stems. (3)
thinning weight71400 [intensité du passage en éclaircie (n.f.)]
A degree of thinning expressed in terms of the volume removed at any one time. (3)
tie ridge71500 [cloisonnement (n.m.)]
In contour furrowing and trenching, a narrow strip of ground left unexcavated so as to break the horizontal continuity of the trenching and thus contain and properly distribute any precipitation. (3)
timber71600 [bois (n.m.)]
A general term for forest crops and stands, and sometimes for any lesser aggregation of such trees. (3)
timber marking71700 [martelage (n.m.)]
see tree marking
timber stand71800 [peuplement forestier (n.m.)]
see timber
timber stand improvement (TSI)71900 [opération dXXXamélioration (n.f.)]
A term comprising all intermediate treatments made to improve the composition, structure, condition, and increment of either an even- or uneven-aged stand. (1)
tine cultivator72000 [cultivateur à éperon (n.m.)]
see tine plough
tine harrow72100 [herse à éperon (n.f.)]
see tine plough
tine plough72200 [charrue à éperon (n.f.)]
A plough in which the leading edge of the landside is extended forward and downward as a tine-bearing replaceable sock. (3)
tissue culture72300 [culture de tissus (n.f.)]
A general term for the cultivation of plant or animal tissues in a controlled artificial environment on defined media under aseptic conditions.
top dressing72400 [préparation du sol superficiel (n.f.)]
Surface application of fertilizers or organic ameliorants to crops after establishment or onto land after physical preparation for planting.
top pruning72500 [élagage des branches supérieures (n.m.)]
see pruning: high
trainer72600 [dominé élagueur (n.m.)]
A tree beneath the main canopy which by its shading and/or abrasive action hastens the natural pruning or improves the form of some other tree. (1)
transplant72700 [plant repiqué (n.m.)]
A seedling that has been replanted one or more times in a nursery to improve its size and growth potential characteristics. Also a tree that is moved from one place to another. (1)
transplanter72800 [repiqueuse (n.f.)]
see transplanting machine
transplanting72900 [repiquage (n.m.)]
An operation consisting of moving the nursery stock from one part of a nursery to another, essentially so as to improve its root development before forest planting. (3)
transplanting board73000 [planche à repiquer (n.f.)]
A simple device having regularly spaced slots for the individual plants so as to ensure proper spacing and lining out in the new bed. (3)
transplanting machine73100 [repiqueuse mécanique (n.f.)]
An implement used to line out transplants in a nursery.
transplanting plough 73200 [charrue planteuse (n.f.)]
A plough used in the nursery to open trench for the roots of plants being lined out, while simultaneously backfilling it. (3)
tree breeding73300 [amélioration génétique (n.f.)]
see forest tree breeding
tree class73400 [classe dXXXarbres (n.f.)]
Any class into which the trees forming a crop or stand may be divided for a variety of purposes. (3)
tree improvement73500 [amélioration des arbres (n.f.)]
see forest tree improvement
tree injection73600 [injection dXXXarbres (n.f.)]
The deliberate introduction, by pressure or simple absorption of a chemical -- generally a water-soluble salt in solution -- into the sapstream of a living tree. (3)
tree injector73700 [injecteur (n.m.)]
A specially designed tool used to inject a solution into a living tree.
tree marking73800 [marquage (n.m.)]
Selection and indication, usually by marking with paint on the stem, of trees to be felled or retained.
tree nursery73900 [pépinière (n.f.)]
see nursery
tree planter74000 [planteuse dXXXarbres (n.f.)]
see planting machine
tree shaker74100 [secoueuse mécanique (n.f.)]
A machine designed to shake a tree in order to dislodge its fruits for collection from the ground.
tree spade74200 [pelle hydraulique à arbres (n.f.)]
Hydraulic accessory attached to a machine used for transplanting landscape stock.
tree surgery74300 [chirurgie des arbres (n.f.)]
The care and repair of trees valued for amenity. (3)
tree-planting machine74400 [planteuse dXXXarbres (n.f.)]
see planting machine
trench planting74500 [plantation en sillon (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees in a shallow trench or a continuous slit. (3)
trencher74600 [soc planteur (n.m.)]
In a planting machine, a metal shoe behind the share, which makes the trench for the plant roots. (3)
trenching74700 [scarifiage par sillons (n.m.)]
Site preparation technique creating a more or less continuous furrow, with surface debris, duff, and low vegetation scattered to one side, using shaping devices pulled or often hydraulically powered by a prime mover. (21)
Commonly referred to as disc trenching in eastern Canada.
trimming74800 [émondage (n.m.)]
Removing the side buds and side shoots from a young plant. Cutting a felled or fallen and sometimes a standing stem clear of branches and stubs. (3)
tube planting74900 [plantation de semis en tube (n.f.)]
Setting out young trees in narrow, open-ended cylinders of various materials, in which they have been raised from seed or into which they have been transplanted. (3)
tubed seedling75000 [semis en tube (n.m.)]
see seedling: container
two-aged stand75100 [peuplement à deux classes dXXXâge (n.m.)]
A stand containing two distinct age classes differing by more than 20% of the rotation age. (1)
two-furrow plough75200 [charrue à deux socs et versoirs simultanés (n.f.)]
A plough with two moldboards turning the furrow slices to the same side. (3)
two-rotation coppice system75300 [taillis composé (n.m.)]
see coppice-of-two-rotations method
two-stage cutting (felling)75400 [coupe en deux abattages (n.f.)]
see shelterwood cutting
two-storied high-forest system75500 [traitement en futaie à deux étages (n.m.)]
An accessory system in which a crop of a different species is introduced (i.e., artificially) beneath an existing immature crop, the two crops eventually being harvested together, or the upper one before the lower. (3)
two-storied stand75600 [peuplement à deux étages (n.m.)]
A forest stand in which two height classes of considerable difference occur, the overstory and understory. The term is not applicable to a forest in process of reproduction, in which the appearance of two stories is due to a seed tree or shelterwood cut before final cut.
underbrush75700 [sous-bois (n.m.)]
Shrubby vegetation and stands of tree species that do not produce commercial timber. (3)
undercutting75800 [cernage (n.m.)]
Root-pruning of nursery stock in situ, particularly by horizontal cut. (3)
undergrowth75900 [sous-bois (n.m.)]
A general term usually comprising both the herbaceous cover and the lower shrubs, and even the lowest trees, under a forest canopy. (3)
underplant76000 [plant de sous-étage (n.m.)]
Young trees used for underplanting. (3)
underplanting76100 [plantation en sous-étage (n.f.)]
Planting young trees under the canopy of an existing stand.
understocking76200 [de densité relative déficiente (n.f.)]
see stocking: NSR
understory76300 [sous-étage (n.m.)]
see story
understory protection76400 [protection du sous-étage (n.f.)]
Removal of mature trees while damage to the understory is kept to a minimum.
undesirable species77400 [essences indésirables (n.f.)]
Species that conflict with or do not contribute to the management objectives. (19)
uneven-aged77500 [inéquienne (adj.)]
Of a forest, stand, or forest type in which intermingling trees differ markedly in age. The differences in age permitted in an uneven-aged stand are usually greater than 10-20 years. (5)
Usually form more than three distinct age classes.
cf. even-aged
uneven-aged system77600 [régime inéquienne (n.m.)]
A silvicultural system in which stands have an uneven-aged structure. (1)
uniform shelterwood77700 [coupes progressives uniformes (n.f.)]
see shelterwood cutting
uniform system77800 [mode de régénération par coupes progressives uniformes (n.m.)]
see shelterwood cutting: uniform shelterwood system
unmerchantable77900 [non marchand (adj.)]
Of a tree or stand that has not attained sufficient size, quality, and/or volume to make it suitable for harvesting. (5)
variety78000 [variété (n.f.)]
1. A taxonomic subdivision of a species based on minor characteristics and often on exclusive geographic range.
2. An assemblage of cultivated individuals distinguished by any useful, reproducible (sexual or asexual) characters. (25)
2. An assemblage of cultivated individuals distinguished by any useful, reproducible (sexual or asexual) characters. (25)
vegetative propagation78100 [multiplication végétative (n.f.)]
Reproduction by other than sexually produced seed. Includes grafting, budding, rooting of cuttings, and tissue and cell culture, including embryogenesis.
veteran78200 [vétéran (n.m.)]
A tree that has escaped logging, windthrow, or fire, and occupies a dominant position in the stand. (3)
viability78300 [semis naturel (n.f.)]
Of a seed, spore, or pollen grain, its capacity to germinate and develop, under given conditions. (3)
vigor class78400 [brise-vent (n.f.)]
Assumption of the health of a tree based on observation of the foliage. (10)
virgin forest78500 [brise-vent (n.f.)]
Natural forest, the development of which has been virtually uninfluenced by modern human activity.
volunteer growth78600 [courbé par le vent (none)]
Natural regeneration following site preparation and seeding or planting that could either supplement or completely obscure the trees being planted or seeded on the area.
wedge system78700 [couché par le vent (n.m.)]
A modification of the strip shelterwood system in which cuttings begin as narrow, interior, wedge-shaped strips with the apex into the prevailing wind, and are then successively enlarged and advanced; regeneration is mainly natural; regeneration interval is short and the young crop fairly even-aged. (3)
weed tree78800 [balancement au vent (n.m.)]
Any tree of a species having little or no economic value on the site in question. (3)
weeding78900 [brise-vent (n.m.)]
A release treatment in stands during the seedling stage that eliminates or suppresses undesirable vegetation regardless of crown position. (1)
whip79000 [chablis (n.m.)]
1. A bare-root hardwood planting stock.
2. Any slender tree that the wind causes to lacerate the crowns of its neighbors. (3)
wildland79100 [stable au vent (n.f.)]
Uncultivated land other than fallow. Land currently little influenced by human activity.
wildling79200 [andain (n.m.)]
syn.: wilding, wild seedling
A naturally grown, in contrast to a nursery-raised, seedling, sometimes used in forest planting when nursery stock is scarce. (3)
wind barrier79300 [plantation sur entrandain (n.m.)]
see windbreak
wind belt79400 [mettre en andain (n.m.)]
see windbreak
wind bend79500 [déracinement par le vent (adj.)]
Condition of trees having a curved stem as a consequence of wind action or compression due to heavy load on the crown of the tree.
cf. windfirm
wind lean79600 [arbre loup (adj.)]
Condition of trees having a leaning stem, result of partial uprooting or wind action.
cf. windfirm
wind rock79700 [section dXXXaménagement (n.m.)]
Movement of tree stems in the wind, which may lead to chafing of the collar and sometimes of the roots, and, in very wet soil, loosening of the ground. (3)
windbreak79800 [soulevage (n.m.)]
A small-scale shelterbelt or other barrier, natural or artificial, maintained against the wind. (3)
windfall79900 [semis de lXXXannée (n.m.)]
1. A tree or trees thrown down or with their stems broken off or other parts blown down by the wind.
2. Any area on which the trees have been thrown down or broken by the wind. (3)
windfirm80000 [table de rendement (adj.)]
Of trees, able to withstand strong winds, i.e., to resist windthrow, windrocking, and major breakage. Such trees may not remain upright but show wind lean or wind bend or both. (3)
windrow80100 [andain (n.m.)]
Slash, brushwood, etc., concentrated along a line so as to clear the intervening ground between two of them. (2)
windrow planting 80200 [plantation sur entrandain (n.f.)]
Planting between the two lanes created in windrowing. (3)
windrowing80300 [mettre en andain (none)]
see windrow
windthrow80400 [déracinement par le vent (n.m.)]
1. Uprooting by the wind.
2. Tree or trees so uprooted. (3)
2. Tree or trees so uprooted. (3)
wolf tree80500 [arbre loup (n.m.)]
A tree, generally overtopping and of poor form, that occupies more growing space than its commercial value warrants. (1)
working group80600 [section dXXXaménagement (n.f.)]
An aggregate of forest stands, or forest stand and forest sites, which are grouped for the purpose of applying a common set of silvicultural treatments (also called operational group).
wrenching80700 [soulevage (none)]
see root-wrenching
yearling80800 [semis de lXXXannée (n.m.)]
A one-year-old seedling. (3)
yield table80900 [table de rendement (n.f.)]
Tables and graphs illustrating volumes per hectare of stands at a specific age.
normal yield table [table de rendement normal]: Estimated stand volume per age class at normal stocking.
empirical yield table [table de rendement empirique]: Representation of actual and forecast volumes at different stocking levels per age class.
